here present

συμπάρειμι to be in a place together with others, be together, be present with (X., Lac. 2, 2 al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol) τινί someone (SIG 685, 28 [139 B.C.]; PSI 439, 29; Jos., Ant. 10, 239) οἱ συμπαρόντες ἡμῖν all who are here present with us Ac 25:24; be present (together) with τινί someone (Jos., Ant. 11, 322) of ecclesial representatives ITr 12:1.—DELG s.v. εἰμί. M-M. s.v. συνπάρειμι.

δή, prop. a temporal Particle (cf. ἤδη),

A at this or that point: hence, now, then, already, or at length:

I in [dialect] Ep. (rarely Lyr.) sts. at the beginning of a sentence or clause,

Τεῦκρε πέπον, δὴ νῶϊν ἀπέκτατο πιστὸς ἑταῖρος Il.15.437

;

δὴ πάμπαν ἀποίχεαι ἀνδρὸς ἑῆος 19.342

;

δὴ γὰρ μέγα νεῖκος ὄρωρεν 13.122

; δὴ τότε, δή ῥα τότε, 1.476, 13.719, al., cf. Pi.O.3.25, A.Th. 214 (lyr.): but usu. second (or nearly so), freq. with Numerals and temporal Particles,

ὀκτὼ δὴ προέηκα.. ὀϊστούς Il. 8.297

; ἐννέα δὴ βεβάασι.. ἐνιαυτοί full nine years, 2.134; ἕκτον δὲ δὴ τόδ' ἦμαρ this is just the sixth day, E.Or.39, cf. Il.24.107, etc.: also after Advbs. of Time, πολλάκι δή many a time and oft, often ere now, 19.85;

ὀψὲ δὲ δή 7.94

;

τρὶς δή Pi.P.9.91

; πάλαι δή, Lat. jamdudum, S.Ph. 806; νῦν δή just now, Ar.Av. 923 (freq. written νυνδή, Pl.Tht. 145b, etc.); νῦν τε καὶ ἄλλοτε δή ib. 187d; now at length, Id.R. 353a, etc.; τότε δή at that very time, Th.1.49, etc.; αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα this very instant, Pl.R. 338b, etc.; ὕστερον δή yet later, Th.2.17: freq. with temporal Conjunctions, ἐπεὶ δή (written ἐπειδή, q. v.), etc.

II without temporal significance, as a Particle of emphasis, in fact, of course, certainly, ναὶ δή, ἦ δή, Il.1.286, 518, etc.; οὐ δή surely not, S.Ph. 246, cf. E.Or. 1069, etc.; δῆλα δή, v. δῆλος; with Verbs,

δὴ γὰρ ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσι Il.15.488

;

νῦν δὲ ὁρᾶτε δή X.Cyr. 3.2.12

;

καὶ ἴστε δὴ οἷος.. Pl.Ap. 21a

: less freq. with Substs., σοφιστὴν δή τοι ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι they call the man a sophist as you know, Id.Prt. 311e: with Conjunctions, ἵνα δή, ὡς δή, Il.23.207, 5.24, etc.;

ὅπως δή Th.5.85

; γὰρ δή for manifestly, A.Ch. 874, 891, Pl.Tht. 156c;

οὐ γὰρ δή S.OC 265

: hence with a part. representing Conjunction and Verb, ἅτε δὴ ἐόντες since they evidently are, Hdt. 8.90; but ὡς φόνον νίζουσα δή as though she were.., E.IT 1338, cf. Hdt.1.66, X.Cyr.5.4.4, etc.; and so, ironically,

ὡς δή Il.1.110

, Ar.V. 1315, Eq. 693, Pl.Prt. 342c, al.; freq. with

σύ, ὡς δὴ σύ μοι τύραννος Ἀργείων ἔσῃ A.Ag. 1633

, cf. S.OC 809, E.Andr. 235, etc.; also ἵνα δή .. Pl.R. 420e, Men. 86d;

ὅτι δή.. Id.Phdr. 268d

; also εἰσήγαγε τὰς ἑταιρίδας δή the pretended courtesans, X.HG5.4.6, cf. E. Ion 1181, Th.4.67,6.80.

2 freq. placed immediately after Pronouns, ἐμὲ δή me of all persons, Hdt.3.155; σὺ δή you of all persons, Id.1.115, S.Aj. 1226; οὗτος δή this and no other, Hdt.1.43;

ὑμεῖς δὲ κεῖνοι δὴ οἵ.. S.Tr. 1091

; οὗτος δὴ ὁ Σωκράτης, ironically, Pl.Tht. 166a; τὸ λεγόμενον δὴ τοῦτο as the well-known saying goes, Id.Grg. 514e, cf. E.Hipp. 962; δή τις some one you know of, Pl.Phd. 108c, al.: with possess. Pronouns,

τὸ σὸν δὴ τοῦτο Pl.Smp. 221b

, cf. Grg. 5c8d, etc.: with relatives,

ὃς δὴ νῦν κρατέει Il.21.315

;

τὰ δὴ καὶ ἐγένετο Hdt.1.22

; οἷος δὴ σύ just such as thou, Il.24.376, cf. Od.1.32, S.Aj. 995, etc.;

ὅσα δή Ar.Ach.1

, etc.: with Adjs., οἴη δή, μοῦνος δή, Od.12.69, Hdt.1.25;

ἐν πολλῇ δὴ ἀπορίᾳ ἦσαν X.An.3.1.2

: freq. with Superlatives,

μάχη ἐγένετο πλείστου δὴ χρόνου μεγίστη δὴ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν Th.5.74

;

ἁπάντων δὴ ἄλγιστον S.Aj. 992

, etc.

III to mark a transition, with or without inference, so, then,

νίκη μὲν δὴ φαίνετ'.. Il.3.457

;

τὴν μὲν δὴ τυραννίδα οὕτω ἔσχον Hdt.1.14

;

τοῦτο δὴ τὸ ἄγος οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐκέλευον ἐλαύνειν Th.1.127

.

IV with Indef. Particles, v. δήποθεν, δήποτε, δήπω, δήπουθεν: with interrogatives,

τοῦ δὴ ἕνεκα; Pl.Grg. 457e

;

τίδὲδή..; Id.Phd. 58c

(simply τί δή; what then? R. 357d);

πότερα δή; S.Ph. 1235

(and with Advbs.,

ποῖ δὴ καὶ πόθεν; Pl.Phdr.

init.; ποῦ δή; πῇ δή; ib. 228e, Il.2.339, etc.): with Indef. Pronouns, δή strengthens the indef. notion, ἄλλοισιν δὴ ταῦτ' ἐπιτέλλεο others be they who they may, Il.1.295; μηδεὶς δή no one at all, Pl.Tht. 170e; δή τις some one or other, Id.R. 498a (pl.), etc. (rarely

τις δή E.IT 946

); the neut. δή τι is common, ἦ ἄρα δή τι ἐΐσκομεν ἄξιον εἶναι; in any way, whatever it be, Il.13.446;

τὸ ἱππικόν, τῷ δή τι καὶ ἐπεῖχε ἐλλάμψεσθαι Hdt.1.80

;

οὕτω δή τι Id.3.108

, etc.;

θεῶν ὅτεῳ δή

whosoever it be,

Id.1.86

; ἐπὶ μισθῷ ὅσῳ δή, Lat. quantocumque, ib. 160, etc.;

οἵα δή γε.. E.Heracl. 632

, cf. Supp. 162; but

θαυμαστὰ δὴ ὅσα Pl.Smp. 220b

;

ὡς δή Il.5.24

, etc.; so almost, = ἤδη, ἀναπέτομαι δὴ πρὸς Ὄλυμπον Anacr.24;

καὶ δὴ φίλον τις ἔκταν' ἀγνοίας ὕπο A. Supp. 499

;

ἤκουσα δή S.Ant. 823

;

πάθη μὲν οὖν δὴ πόλλ' ἔγωγ' ἐκλαυσάμην Id.Tr. 153

; οἶσθα μὲν δή ib. 627; so καὶ δή already, in fact, freq. not at the beginning of the sentence,

κεῖται καὶ δὴ πάνθ' ἅπερ εἶπας Ar.Ec. 514

, cf. Nu. 906, Theoc.5.83; but

καὶ δή σφε λείπω A.Supp. 507

.

2 to continue a narrative, freq. after μέν, then, so,

τότε μὲν δὴ.. ἡσυχίην εἶχε Hdt.1.11

; Σόλων μὲν δὴ ἔνεμε ib. 32; τὸν μὲν δὴ πέμπει ib. 116; alone, εἷς δὴ τούτων.. <*> one of these.., ib. 114, etc.: freq. in summing up, τοιαῦτα μὲν δὴ ταῦτα, Lat. haec hactenus, A.Pr. 500, cf. Hdt.1.14, Th.2.4;

τούτων δὴ ἕνεκα X. Cyr.3.2.28

, etc.; in summing up numbers, γίγνονται δὴ οὗτοι χίλιοι these then amount to 1, 000, ib.1.5.5; in resuming after a parenthesis,

Ἀνδρομάχη, θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος Ἠετίωνος.., τοῦ περ δὴ θυγάτηρ Il.6.395

;

οὗτος δὴ.., ὁ μὲν δή Hdt.1.43

.

b with imper. and subj.,

μὴ δὴ.. ἐπιέλπεο Il.1.545

, cf. 5.684, etc.;

χωρῶμεν δὴ πάντες S.Ph. 1469

; ἐννοεῖτε γὰρ δή for do but consider, X.Cyr.4.3.5; ἄγε δή, φέρε δή, ἴθι δή, σκόπει δή, λέγε δή, Pl.Sph. 235a, Phd. 63b, Sph. 224c, Phd. 80a, Prt. 312c.

3 to express what follows a fortiori, καὶ μετὰ ὅπλων γε δή above all with arms, Th.4.78; μή τί γε δή not to mention, D.2.23; εἰ δὲ δὴ πόλεμος ἥξει Id. 1.27.

4 καὶ δή and what is more, adding an emphatic statement, Il.1.161, 15.251, Hdt.5.67, Lys.13.4; in Prose, freq.

καὶ δὴ καί.., ἐς Αἴγυπτον ἀπίκετο.., καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐς Σάρδις Hdt.1.30

, etc.; καὶ δὴ καὶ νῦν τί φῄς; and now what do you say? Pl.Tht. 187c; καὶ δὴ μὲν οὖν παρόντα yes, and actually here present, S.OC31; esp. in a series, ὑγίεια καὶ ἰσχὺς καὶ κάλλος καὶ πλοῦτος δή and of course riches, Pl.Men. 87e, cf. Tht. 159c, R. 367d; εἴτ'.. εἴτ'.. εἴτεδή ib. 493d.

b καὶ δή is also used in answers, ἦ καὶ παρέστη κἀπὶ τέρμ' ἀφίκετο; Answ. καὶ δὴ 'πὶ δισσαῖς ἦν.. πύλαις yes, he was even so far as.., S.Aj.49; βλέψον κάτω. Answ. καὶ δὴ βλέπω well, I am looking, Ar. Av. 175, cf. Pax 327, Pl. 227 sq., S.El. 317 sq., 1436, etc.; πρόσθιγέ νύν μου. Answ.

ψαύω καὶ δή S.OC 173

; without καί, ἀποκρίνου περὶ ὧν ἂν ἐρωτῶ. Answ.

ἐρώτα δή Pl.Tht. 157d

; ἐρώτα. Answ.

ἐρωτῶ δή Id.Grg. 448b

.

c in assumptions or suppositions, καὶ δὴ δέδεγμαι and now suppose I have accepted, A.Eu. 894, cf. Ch. 565, E.Med. 386, Hel. 1059, not found in S., once in Ar.V. 1224.

5 δή in apodosi, after εἰ or ἐάν, Il.5.898, Hdt.1.108, Pl.R. 524e, etc.; after ὅτε, ἡνίκα, even then, S.Ant. 170 sq., El. 954; after ἐπεί, ἐπειδάν, X.Cyr.1.6.14, Pl. Cra. 435e, etc.; after ὡς, X.Cyr.7.2.4;

ἐν ᾧ δὲ ταῦτα ἐβουλεύοντο, καὶ δὴ ὁ βασιλεύς..

already,

Id.An.1.10.10

.

ἤ particle (Hom.+).

① marker of an alternative, or, disjunctive particle (B-D-F §446; Rob. 1188f)

ⓐ separating

α. opposites, which are mutually exclusive λευκὴν ἢ μέλαιναν Mt 5:36. ἰδοὺ ἐκεῖ [ἢ] ἰδοὺ ὧδε Lk 17:23. ψυχρὸς ἢ ζεστός Rv 3:15. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἢ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων from God or fr. humans Mt 21:25. δοῦναι ἢ οὔ to give or not (to give) 22:17; cp. Mk 12:14. ἀγαθὸν ποιῆσαι ἢ κακοποιῆσαι 3:4. Cp. Lk 2:24; Ro 14:4; 1 Cor 7:11 (cp. Ath. 2:4 ἀγαθὸς ἢ πονηρός).

β. related and similar terms, where one can take the place of the other or one supplements the other τὸν νόμον ἢ τοὺς προφήτας Mt 5:17 (JosAs 2:11 ἀνὴρ … ἢ παιδίον ἄρρεν; Just., D. 93, 4 φιλίαν ἢ ἀγάπην; schol. on Soph., Oed. Col. 380 Papag. ἢ ἀντὶ τοῦ καὶ ἐστί) πόλιν ἢ κώμην 10:11. ἔξω τ. οἰκίας ἢ τ. πόλεως ἐκείνης vs. 14. πατέρα ἢ μητέρα vs. 37. τέλη ἢ κῆνσον 17:25. οὐ μὴ ἀποκριθῆτέ μοι ἢ ἀπολύσητε Lk 22:68 v.l. πρόσκομμα ἢ σκάνδαλον Ro 14:13; cp. vs. 21 v.l. εἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον καιρόν 1 Pt 1:11. νοῆσαι ἢ συνιέναι B 10:12. Cp. Mk 4:17; 10:40; Lk 14:12; J 2:6; Ac 4:34; 1 Cor 13:1; AcPlCor 2:26. In enumerations as many as six occurrences of ἤ are found: Mk 10:29; Ro 8:35; cp. Mt 25:44; Lk 18:29; 1 Cor 5:11; 1 Pt 4:15 (Just., A II, 1, 2).—ἤτε … ἤτε (Hom. et al.; PRossGeorg III, 2, 4 [IIIA.D.]) ἤτε ἄρσενα ἤτε θήλειαν whether it is a boy or a girl GJs 4:1 pap (εἴτε … εἴτε codd.).—ἢ καὶ or (even, also) (PLond III, 962, 5 p. 210 [254/61 A.D.]; EpJer 58) ἢ καὶ ὡς οὗτος ὁ τελώνης Lk 18:11; cp. 11:12; 12:41; Ro 2:15; 4:9; 14:10; 1 Cor 16:6; 2 Cor 1:13b.—ἤ for καί Mk 3:33 v.l.; Col 2:16 v.l.

ⓑ ἤ … ἤ either … or Mt 6:24; 12:33; Lk 16:13; AcPlCor 1:7f. ἤ … ἤ … ἤ either … or … or (Philod., οἰκ. col. 22, 41 Jensen; Just., A I, 28, 4 al; Mel., P. 36, 246f) 1 Cor 14:6 (ἤ four times as Libanius, Or. 28 p. 48, 15 F and Or. 31 p. 130, 7; Just., D. 85, 3). Eph 5:4 v.l. ἤτοι … ἤ (Hdt., Thu. et al. [s. Kühner-G. II 298]; PTebt 5, 59; PRyl 154, 25; Wsd 11:18; TestSol 10:28 C [without ἤ]; Philo, Op. M. 37; Jos., Ant. 18, 115; Just., D. 6, 1; 100, 3; Ath. 8, 1 and R. 52, 26) either … or Ro 6:16.

ⓒ In neg. statements ἤ comes to mean nor, or, when it introduces the second, third, etc., item ἰῶτα ἓν ἢ μία κεραία οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ Mt 5:18. πῶς ἢ τί how or what 10:19; cp. Mk 7:12; J 8:14; Ac 1:7. οὐκ ἐδόξασαν ἢ ηὐχαρίστησαν Ro 1:21. διαθήκην οὐδεὶς ἀθετεῖ ἢ ἐπιδιατάσσεται Gal 3:15. ἵνα μή τις δύνηται ἀγοράσαι ἢ πωλῆσαι so that no one can either buy or sell Rv 13:17.—Phil 3:12.—Likew. in neg. rhetorical questions; here present-day English idiom, making the whole sentence neg., requires the transl. or Mt 7:16; cp. Mk 4:21; 1 Cor 1:13; Js 3:12.

ⓓ Gener., ἤ oft. occurs in interrog. sentences

α. to introduce and to add rhetorical questions (Just., D 2, 4 al.; Ath. 8:3 al.) ἢ δοκεῖς ὅτι; or do you suppose that? Mt 26:53. ἢ Ἰουδαίων ὁ θεὸς μόνον; or is God the God of the Judeans alone? Ro 3:29. ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε; or do you not know? 6:3; 7:1; also ἢ οὐκ οἴδατε; 11:2; 1 Cor 6:9, 16, 19; cp. 10:22; 2 Cor 11:7.

β. to introduce a question which is parallel to a preceding one or supplements it Mt 7:10; οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε …; ἢ οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε …; have you not read … ? Or have you not read … ? Mt 12:(3), 5; cp. Lk 13:4; Ro 2:4; 1 Cor 9:6 (cp. Just., D. 27, 5 al.; Mel., P. 74, 541 ἢ οὐ γέγραπταί σοι …;)—Mt 20:15; 1 Cor 11:22; 2 Cor 3:1.

γ. in the second member of direct or indir. double questions: πότερον … ἤ (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.) whether, if … or J 7:17; B 19:5; D 4:4; Hs 9, 28, 4. ἤ … ἤ … ἤ … ἤ whether … or … or … or (Hom.; Theognis 913f; oracle in Hdt. 1, 65, 3; Theocr. 25, 170f et al.; s. Kühner-G. II 530, 12) Mk 13:35. Usu. the first member is without the particle Mt 27:17; J 18:34; Ac 8:34; Ro 4:10; 1 Cor 4:21; Gal 1:10; 3:2, 5.

δ. used w. an interrog. word, mostly after another interrog. sentence ἢ τίς; Mt 7:9; Mk 11:28; Lk 14:31; 20:2; J 9:21; Ro 3:1; 2 Cl 1:3; 6:9. τίς …; τίς …; ἢ τίς …; 1 Cor 9:7. τί …; ἢ τί …; what … ? Or what? Mt 16:26; 1 Cor 7:16.—ἢ πῶς: ἢ πῶς ἐρεῖς; or how can you say? Mt 7:4; cp. 12:29; Lk 6:42 v.l. (cp. JosAs 6:2; Tat. 17, 3 al.).

② a particle denoting comparison, than, rather than

ⓐ after a comparative before the other member of the comparison ἀνεκτότερον … ἤ more tolerable … than Mt 10:15; cp. 11:22, 24; Lk 10:12. εὐκοπώτερον … ἤ Mt 19:24; Mk 10:25; cp. Lk 9:13; J 4:1. μᾶλλον ἤ more, rather … than Mt 18:13; J 3:19; Ac 4:19; 5:29; 1 Cor 9:15; 1 Cl 2:1a; 14:1; 21:5. For numerals without ἤ after πλείων and ἐλάσσων, e.g. Mt 26:53 (πλείους ἤ v.l. and var. edd.), s. B-D-F §185, 4 (cp. comp. Ath. 16, 8 μηδὲν πλέον [ἢ corr.] ὅσον ἐκελεύσθησαν).

ⓑ also without a preceding comp. (Kühner-G. II 303; B-D-F §245, 3).

α. w. verbs without μᾶλλον (Job 42:12) χαρὰ ἔσται ἐπὶ ἑνὶ ἢ ἐπὶ ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα there will be more joy over one than over 99 Lk 15:7. λυσιτελεῖ … ἤ it would be better … than 17:2 (cp. Andoc. 1, 125 τεθνάναι νομίσασα λυσιτελεῖν ἢ ζῆν; Tob 3:6 BA). θέλω … ἤ I would rather … than 1 Cor 14:19 (cp. Epict. 3, 1, 41; BGU 846, 16 [II A.D.] θέλω πηρὸς γενέσται [= γενέσθαι], εἲ [= ἢ] γνοῦναι, ὅπως ἀνθρόπῳ ἔτι ὀφείλω ὀβολόν ‘I had rather become maimed than know that I still owe someone an obol’ [1/6 of a drachma]; Hos 6:6; 2 Macc 14:42; Jos., Ant. 18, 59; Just., A I, 15, 8. βούλομαι … ἤ I had rather …, than as early as Hom., e.g. Il. 1, 117).

β. after the positive degree (as early as Hdt. 9, 26) καλόν ἐστιν … ἤ it is better … than Mt 18:8, 9; Mk 9:43, 45, 47; 1 Cl 51:3 (Gen 49:12; Ps 117:8f; Sir 20:25; 22:15; Jon 4:3, 8; 4 Macc 9:1. Cp. Polyaenus 8, 49 καλὸν ἀποθανεῖν ἢ ζῆν; Philemon Com. no. 203 θανεῖν κράτιστόν [=far better] ἐστιν ἢ ζῆν ἀθλίως).

γ. ἤ is used in comparison, w. the idea of exclusion (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 37, 4 μέμφεσθε τὸν ἑαυτῶν βασιλέα ἢ ἐμέ=‘blame your own king, not me’; Gen 38:26 δεδικαίωται Θαμαρ ἢ ἐγώ; 2 Km 19:44; Just., A I, 15, 8 on Lk 5:32 θέλει ὁ πατὴρ τὴν μετάνοιαν ἢ τὴν κόλασιν) δεδικαιωμένος ἢ ἐκεῖνος rather than (= and not) the other man Lk 18:14 v.l.

ⓒ οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἤ nothing else than (cp. X., Cyr. 2, 3, 10; 7, 5, 41; Jos., Ant. 8, 104; Tat. 15, 2; cp. οὐδὲν ἄλλο … ἤ Just., A I, 33, 6 al.; Ath. 18, 1 μὴ εἶναι … ἕτερον τρόπον … ἢ τοῦτον) Ac 17:21. τί … ἤ what other … than (X., Oec. 3, 3; TestJob 42:5; s. Kühner-G. II 304, 4) 24:21.

ⓓ πρὶν ἤ before (Ionism, very rare in Attic wr., but common in the Koine [e.g. Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 14 p. 397, 9 Jac.; Diod S 1, 64, 7; 1, 92, 4; Jos., Ant. 8, 345; Just., A I, 12, 10 al.; Tat. 6:1 al.]: ATschuschke, De πρίν particulae apud scriptores aetatis Augusteae prosaicos usu, diss. Bresl. 1913, 31; 33. S. also πρίν a).

α. w. aor. inf. foll. (Aelian, VH 1, 5; Herodian 2, 3, 2; Wsd 2:8; Sir 11:8 al.) and accompanying acc. (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 128, 14 [Βίος] p. 397, 9 Jac.; Aelian, VH 1, 21; PSI 171, 25 [II B.C.]; Sir 48:25; Tob 2:4; 3:8; 8:20; TestReub 1:1) Mt 1:18; Mk 14:30; Ac 7:2.

β. foll. by aor. subj. and ἄν Lk 2:26 (without ἄν Jos., Ant. 4, 10).

γ. foll. by pres. opt. Ac 25:16.

ⓔ used w. other particles

α. ἀλλʼ ἤ s. ἀλλά 1a.

β. ἤπερ than (Hom., Il. 1, 260; 9, 26, 7; Hdt.; Polyb. 2, 51; 61; 2 Macc 14:42; 4 Macc 15:16; Jos., Bell. 5, 10, Ant. 18, 62; Just., A I, 29, 1) after μᾶλλον J 12:43 (cp. Tob 14:4 S ἐν τ. Μηδίᾳ ἔσται σωτηρία μᾶλλον ἤπερ ἐν Ἀσσυρίοις; Tat. 13, 3; 14, 1; without μᾶλλον 40, 1; Diod S 13, 60, 3 πλείονα ἤπερ); after πλέον IEph 6:2 (Lat.).—ἢ γάρ Lk 18:14 v.l. may derive from ἤ + παρʼ.—DELG. M-M. EDNT.

πάρειμι (εἰμί) ptc. παρών; impf. 3 sg. παρῆν, pl. παρῆσαν; fut. 3 sing. παρέσται Rv 17:8.—(Hom.+).

① be present

ⓐ of pers. J 11:28; Rv 17:8; GPt 10:38. ἰδοὺ πάρειμι here I am (En 106:8) 2 Cl 15:3; B 3:5 (both Is 58:9). παρών (opp. ἀπών; Wsd 11:11; 14:17) (being) present (Himerius, Or. 44 [=Or. 8], 1 παρὼν μόνῳ τῷ σώματι) 1 Cor 5:3ab; 2 Cor 10:2, 11; 13:2, 10; ISm 9:2; IRo 7:2; IMg 15. ἀκούσας αὐτοὺς παρόντας when he heard that they were present MPol 7:2. μηδεὶς τῶν παρόντων ὑμῶν none of you who are present IRo 7:1 (Just., A I, 65, 4 ἑκάστῳ τῶν παρόντων).—W. a prep.: ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ πάρεσμεν we are here in the presence of God Ac 10:33. ἐπὶ σοῦ παρεῖναι be here before you 24:19. π. πρός τινα be present with someone (UPZ 71, 18 [152 B.C.]) 2 Cor 11:9; Gal 4:18, 20. οἱ παρόντες those (who were) present (Appian, Hann. 39 §166; SIG 665, 38; 1044, 43 τῶν τε παρόντων καὶ τῶν ἀπόντων; 1047, 19; 3 Macc 1:13) MPol 9:1. παρόντες εἰς δόξαν θεοῦ who are present for the glory of God IMg 15. μετʼ ἐμοῦ πάρεστιν (Paul) is here with me AcPl Ha 8, 2.—The pres. ‘be here’ can take on the perf. sense have come (B-D-F §322; Rob. 881; cp. 1 Macc 12:42 v.l., 45; 2 Macc 3:9; Jos., Ant. 3, 84 πάρεστι εἰς, Vi. 115; SIG 814, 4f [I A.D.]) τίς ἡ αἰτία διʼ ἣν πάρεστε; why have you come? Ac 10:21. οὗτοι καὶ ἐνθάδε πάρεισιν these men have come here too 17:6. πάρεστιν ἀπʼ ἀγροῦ has come from the country Lk 11:6 D.—Hv 5:3; Hs 7:1. On ἑταῖρε, ἐφʼ ὸ̔ πάρει (Jos., Bell. 2, 615 John ἐφʼ ὸ̔ παρῆν διεπράττετο) Mt 26:50 s. ὅς 1iβ and RBrown, Death of the Messiah ’94, II 1385–88. παρὼν ἤγειρεν αὐτούς he came and raised them from the dead IMg 9:3.—The impf. παρῆν he had come, or he came (Diod S 19, 59, 1 παρῆν=he came) Hs 9, 11, 8. Pl. παρῆσαν they had come, they came Lk 13:1 (w. ἐν in indication of time + ἀπαγγέλλειν Plut., Mor. 509c; cp. Diod S 17, 8, 2 and 20, 113, 1; with temporal indication without ἀπαγγέλλειν X., Cyr. 1, 2, 4); πρός τινα (Jos., Ant. 14, 451) Ac 12:20.

ⓑ of impersonals, τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τοῦ παρόντος εἰς ὑμᾶς of the gospel that has come to you Col 1:6 (π. εἰς as X., An. 1, 2, 2; Jos., Ant. 1, 285; 337). Of time (Hdt. et al.; SIG 700, 10 ἐν τῷ παρόντι καιρῷ; La 4:18 πάρεστιν ὁ καιρὸς ἡμῶν; Hab 3:2) ὁ καιρὸς πάρεστιν the time has come J 7:6. ἡ καταστροφὴ πάρεστιν 1 Cl 57:4 (Pr 1:27). τοῦ σωτῆρος ἔργα ἀεὶ παρῆν the Savior’s deeds remained apparent i.e. they had permanent efficacy Qua 2.—Subst. τὸ παρόν the present (Hdt. et al.; ins, pap; 3 Macc 5:17; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 175) πρὸς τὸ παρόν for the present, for the moment (Thu. 2, 22, 1; 3, 40, 7; Pla., Leg. 5, 736a; Lucian, Ep. Sat. 2, 28; Cass. Dio 41, 15; Herodian 1, 3, 5; PGiss 47, 15; Sb 5113, 28; Jos., Ant. 6, 69; Just., A I 46, 6) Hb 12:11. κατὰ τὸ π. (Diod S 15, 47, 4; SIG 814, 46f; PTebt 28, 9; POxy 711, 2; 3 Macc 3:11) for the present MPol 20:1. τὰ παρόντα the present situation (Hdt. 1, 113; Pla., Theaet. 186a; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 334; PYale 42, 34) ἐν τοῖς παροῦσιν under the present circumstances B 1:8.

② to be available for use, at one’s disposal, πάρεστίν τί μοι someth. is at my disposal, I have someth. (Trag., Hdt. et al.; Wsd 11:21) ᾧ μὴ πάρεστιν ταῦτα 2 Pt 1:9. ἡ παροῦσα ἀλήθεια the truth that you have vs. 12. τὰ παρόντα what one has, one’s possessions (X., Symp. 4, 42 οἷς τὰ παρόντα ἀρκεῖ, Cyr. 8, 4, 6, An. 7, 7, 36. Further exx. under ἀρκέω 2.) Hb 13:5. S. παρουσία.—M-M. TW.

ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, demonstr. Pron.,

A this, formed by adding the enclit. - δε to the old demonstr. Pron. ὁ, ἡ, τό, and declined like it through all cases: [dialect] Ep. dat. pl. τοῖσδεσσι, τοῖσδεσσιν, as well as τοῖσδε, Il.10.462, Od.2.47, al. ; and

τοῖσδεσι 10.268

, 21.93 ;

τοῖσδεσιν Democr. 175

;

τοισίδε Hdt.1.32

, al.: [dialect] Aeol. gen. pl.

τῶνδεων Alc.126

: Arg. gen. pl. τωνδεωνήν ( = τῶνδεων ἤν) Mnemos.57.208(vi B. C.): nom. pl. neut. ταδήν ibid., IG4.506.1 ; ταδή Sch.Ar.Ach. 744:—ὅδε, like οὗτος, is opp. ἐκεῖνος, to designate what is nearer as opp. to what is more remote ; but ὅδε refers more distinctly to what is present, to what can be seen or pointed out, though this distinction is sts. not observed, e.g.

ξύμπας Ἀχαιῶν λαός, ἐν δὲ τοῖσδ' ἐγώ S.Ph. 1243

(v.l. τοῖς), cf. Ant. 449, and on the other hand, ἦ τόνδε φράζεις;—

τοῦτον, ὅνπερ εἰσορᾷς Id.OT 1120

: the forms ὁδί, ἡδί, etc. [pron. full] [ῑ], are freq. in Com. and Oratt., but are not used in Trag.: the [pron. full] ῑ may be separated from the ὅδε by the adversative δέ, as

τὸν μὲν.., τηνδεδί Ar.Av.18

, cf. Ec. 989.

I of Place, to point out what is present or before one, Ἕκτορος ἥδε γυνή this is, or here is, the wife of Hector, Il.6.460 : very freq. in Trag.,

ἀκτὴ μὲν ἥδε Λήμνου S.Ph.

I, cf.E.Tr.4, Ion5,Hel.I,HF 4,Ba.1 ; in Com., ἐγὼ σιωπῶ τῷδε; Ar.Ra. 1134, etc.; and in Prose,

ὧν Θεόδωρος εἷς ὅδε Pl.Tht. 164e

; of what belongs to this world, Id.Phdr. 250a, Smp. 211c.

2 with Verbs of action, = here, ἀνδρί, ὅστις ὅδε κρατέει who holds sway here, Il.5.175 ; ἔγχος μὲν τόδε κεῖται ἐπὶ χθονός here it lies, 20.345, cf. 21.533, Od.1.185, etc. ; ἥδ' ἡ κορώνη.. λέγει the crow here.., v.l. in Ar.Av.23 : freq. in Trag., esp. to indicate the entrance of a person on the stage, καὶ μὴν Ἐτεοκλῆς.. ὅδε χωρεῖ here comes.., E.Ph. 443, cf.S.OT 297, 531, 632, OC32, 549; f.l. in E.Heracl.80.

3 with a pers. Pron., ὅδ' ἐγὼ.. ἤλυθον here am I come, Od.16.205 ; ἡμεῖς οἵδε περιφραζώμεθα let us here.., 1.76 ; δῶρα δ' ἐγὼν ὅδε.. παρασχέμεν here am I [ ready] to provide.., Il.19.140 : with a pr. n.,

ὅδ' εἰμ' Ὀρέστης E.Or. 380

: with

αὐτός, ὅδ' αὐτὸς ἐγώ Od.21.207

, 24.321.

4 also with τίς and other interrog. words, τίς δ' ὅδε Ναυσικάᾳ ἕπεται; who is this following her? 6.276, cf. 1.225 ; τί κακὸν τόδε πάσχετε; what is this evil ye are suffering? 20.351 ; πρὸς ποῖον ἂν τόνδ'.. ἔπλει; S.Ph. 572, cf. 1204.

5 in Trag. dialogue, ὅδε and ὅδ' ἀνήρ, = ἐγώ, Id.OT 534, 815, etc.; γυναικὸς τῆσδε, for ἐμοῦ, A.Ag. 1438 ;

τῆσδέ γε ζώσης ἔτι S.Tr. 305

; so ξὺν τῇδε χερί with this hand of mine, Id.Ant.43, cf. OT 811.

6 in Arist., τοδί designates a particular thing, 'such and such',

τοδὶ διὰ τοδὶ αἱρεῖται EN 1151a35

;

τόδε μετὰ τόδε GA 734a28

, cf. b9 ;

Καλλίᾳ κάμνοντι τηνδὶ τὴν νόσον τοδὶ συνήνεγκε Metaph. 981a8

;

τόδε τὸ ἐν τῷ ἡμικυκλίῳ APo. 71a20

; ἥδε ἡ ἰατρική, opp. αὐτὴ ἡ ἰ., Metaph. 997b30 ; τόδε τι a this, i.e. a fully specified particular, Cat. 3b10, al., cf. Gal.6.113,171 ;

τόδε τι καὶ οὐσία Arist.Metaph. 1060b1

; πορευσόμεθα εἰς τήνδε τὴν πόλιν Ep. Jac.4.13.

II of Time, to indicate the immediate present,

ἥδ' ἡμέρα S.OT 438

, etc.: more strongly,

κατ' ἦμαρ.. τὸ νῦν τόδε Id.Aj. 753

;

τοῦδ' αὐτοῦ λυκάβαντος Od.14.161

; but νυκτὸς τῆσδε in the night just past, S.Aj.21 ;

νυκτὶ τῇδε Id.El. 644

; so τῆσδε τῆς ὁδοῦ on this present journey, Id.OT 1478, cf. Ant. 878 (cj.) ; also ἀπόλλυμαι τάλας ἔτος τόδ' ἤδη δέκατον now for these ten years, Id.Ph. 312 ; τῶνδε τῶν ἀσκητῶν athletes of the present day, Pl.R. 403e.

2 ἐς τόδε elliptic c. gen.,

ἐς τόδ' ἡμέρας E.Ph. 425

;

ἐς τόδε ἡλικίης Hdt.7.38

; πῶς ἐς τόδ' ἂν τόλμης ἔβη; S.OT 125.

III in sentences beginning this is.., the Engl. this is freq. represented by nom. pl. neut. τάδε ; ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἔρανος τάδε γ' ἐστίν this is not an ἔρανος, Od.1.226 ; ἆρ' οὐχ ὕβρις τάδ'; is not this insolence? S.OC 883 ; of persons, Ἀπόλλων τάδ' ἦν this was A., S. OT 1329 (lyr.) ;

οὐ γὰρ ἔσθ' Ἕκτωρ τάδε E.Andr. 168

;

οὐκέτι Τροία τάδε Id.Tr. 100

(anap.) ;

οὐ τάδε Βρόμιος Id.Cyc.63

(lyr.) ;

οὐκ Ἴωνες τάδε εἰσίν Th.6.77

; τάδ' οὐχὶ Πελοπόννησος, ἀλλ' Ἰωνία Inscr. ap.Str.9.1.6.

2 to indicate something immediately to come, τόδε μοι κρήηνον ἐέλδωρ (which then follows) Il.1.41, 504, cf. 455, al. ;

Ἀθηναίων οἵδε ἀπέθανον IG12.943.2

: hence, in historical writers, opp. what goes before (cf. οὗτος c. 1.2),

ταῦτα μὲν Λακεδαιμόνιοι λέγουσι.., τάδε δὲ ἐγὼ γράφω Hdt.6.53

;

ταῦτα μὲν δὴ σὺ λέγεις· παρ' ἡμῶν δὲ ἀπάγγελλε τάδε X.An.2.1.20

, etc. ; v. οὗτος B.1.2 ; opp. ἐκεῖνος, S.El. 784 : rarely applied to different persons in the same sentence, νῦν ὅδε [La<*>us] πρὸς τῆς τύχης ὄλωλεν, οὐδὲ τοῦδ' ὕπο [ by Oedipus] Id.OT 948.

3 as 'antecedent' to a defining Relat.,

ὃν πόλις στήσειε, τοῦδε χρὴ κλύειν Id.Ant. 666

, cf. Tr.23, Ph.87, etc.: in Hom., in such cases, the δέ is separate, as

ὃς δέ κε μηρίνθοιο τύχῃ.., ὁ δ' οἴσεται ἡμιπέλεκκα Il.23.858

, cf. Od.11.148, 149, al. (but ὅδε sts. has its deictic force and the relat. clause merely explains, as

νήσου τῆσδ' ἐφ' ἧς ναίει S.Ph. 613

, cf. Il.2.346, X.An.7.3.47, etc.).

IV Adverbial usage of some cases:

1 τῇδε,

a of Place, here, on the spot, Il.12.345, Od. 6.173, etc. ; so

τῶν τε ὑπὸ γῆς θεῶν καὶ τῶν τ. Pl.Lg. 958d

.

b of Manner, thus, A.Eu.45 ;

ὅρα δὲ καὶ τ., ὅτι.. Pl.Phd. 79e

, cf. R. 433e, etc.

2 acc. neut. τόδε with ἱκάνω, etc., hither, to this spot, Il.14.298, Od.1.409, al. ; also

δεῦρο τόδε Il.14.309

, Od.17.444, 524.

b therefore, on this account,

τόδε χώεο 23.213

: so also acc. pl. neut.,

τάδε γηθήσειε

on this account,

Il.9.77

.

3 dat. pl. neut., τοισίδε in or with these words,

τοισίδε ἀμείβεται Hdt.1.120

; τοισίδε προέχει in these respects, ib.32.

παρίστημι/παριστάνω (the word since Hom.+; the later form παριστάνω [Ro 6:13, 16; but παρίστησι 1 Cor 8:8 v.l.; Ath. 33, 1] since Polyb. et al.; Epict. 3, 22, 87; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 814, 36 [67 A.D.]; 1109, 76.—B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202) pres. inf. παραστᾶν (Tat. 33, 1; Ath. 11, 3), ptc. pl. παριστῶντες (Tat. 1, 3—B-D-F §93); fut. παραστήσω; 1 aor. παρέστησα; 2 aor. παρέστην; pf. παρέστηκα, ptc. παρεστηκώς or παρεστώς; plpf. παρειστήκειν; inf. παρεστάναι (Dt 18:5; PsSol 2:36). Mid.: fut. παραστήσομαι. Pass.: 1 aor. παρεστάθην.

① trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.) to cause to be present in any way

ⓐ place beside, put at someone’s disposal τινά or τί τινι someone or someth. to someone (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 7 Jac.; Socrates of Rhodes [I B.C.]: 192 Fgm. 1 p. 927, 25 Jac. [in Athen. 4, 148b]; Lucian, D. Mar. 6, 2) παραστήσει μοι λεγιῶνας Mt 26:53. τὶ someth. (cp. 2 Macc 12:3 v.l. σκάφη) κτήνη provide riding animals Ac 23:24. For protection παρέστησεν αὐτῇ τοὺς υἱούς αὐτοῦ he placed his sons at her side=Joseph placed Mary in the care of his sons GJs 18:1. Here belongs παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ θεῷ Ro 6:13b. W. dat. and double acc. (of the obj. and the pred.) ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους (εἰς ὑπακοήν) to whomever you yield yourselves as slaves (to obey him; w. acc., followed by εἰς=to or for [s. MTreu, Alkaios ’52, p. 12]) vs. 16; μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ vs. 13a; cp. vs. 19ab.

ⓑ present, represent

α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33. παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ 2 Cor 11:2. Of the ‘presentation’ of Jesus in the Temple Lk 2:22 (Billerb. II 120–23. Cp. also Olympiodorus, Life of Plato, ed. AWestermann 1850 p. 1: of Plato, said to be of transcendent origin, λαβόντες οἱ γονεῖς βρέφος ὄντα τεθείκασιν ἐν τῷ Ὑμηττῷ βουλόμενοι ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἐκεῖ θεοῖς … θῦσαι=his parents took him when he was an infant and placed him on Hymettus with the intent to sacrifice … to the gods there). W. dat. of pers., acc. of obj., and pred. acc. οἷς παρέστησεν ἑαυτὸν ζῶντα to whom he presented himself alive Ac 1:3; without a dat., which is supplied fr. the context παρέστησεν αὐτὴν ζῶσαν 9:41.

β. fig. παραστήσω σε κατὰ πρόσωπόν σου I will show you to yourself face to face 1 Cl 35:10 (Ps 49:21).

ⓒ ‘present’ becomes almost equivalent to make, render (Plut., Mor. 676c [ἡ πίσσα] τὸν οἶνον εὔποτον παρίστησι) ἵνα παραστήσῃ αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ἔνδοξον τὴν ἐκκλησίαν that (Christ) might render the church glorious before himself Eph 5:27. σπούδασον σεαυτὸν δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ θεῷ 2 Ti 2:15. παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ to make you holy before him Col 1:22. ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον τέλειον ἐν Χριστῷ that we may make everyone complete in Christ vs. 28.

ⓓ as a t.t. in the language of sacrifice offer, bring, present (παριστάναι θυσίαν, θύματα etc.: Epici p. 41, 49 B.=p. 19, 16 K.; Polyb. 16, 25, 7; Diod S 3, 72, 1; Lucian, Sacr. 13; Jos., Bell. 2, 89, Ant. 4, 113; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 694, 49; 736, 70; OGI 456, 20; 764, 23; 38. The mid. is also used in this way since X., An. 6, 1, 22) fig. παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα θυσίαν ζῶσαν offer bodies as a living sacrifice Ro 12:1.

ⓔ as a legal t.t. bring before (a judge) (Sb 4512, 82 [II B.C.]; OGI 669, 49; BGU 163, 3; 341, 14; 747 II, 26; 759, 22; 1139, 18). Some would prefer to understand 1 Cor 8:8 in this sense: βρῶμα ἡμᾶς οὐ παραστήσει τῷ θεῷ food will not bring us before (the judgment seat of) God. Likew. ἡμᾶς ἐγερεῖ καὶ παραστήσει σὺν ὑμῖν he will raise us and bring us, together with you, before him (=before his judgment seat) 2 Cor 4:14. But the forensic mng. is not certain in either of these places, and the sense is prob. bring before God = bring close to God (cp. Rtzst., ZNW 13, 1912, 19f).

ⓕ prove, demonstrate (Lysias 12, 51; X., Oec. 13, 1; Epict. 2, 23, 47; 2, 26, 4; Jos., Ant. 4, 47, Vi. 27; PLips 64, 34) οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι δύνανταί σοι περὶ ὧν νυνὶ κατηγοροῦσίν μου nor can they prove to you the accusations they are now making against me Ac 24:13.—On the 1 aor. pass. Hs 8, 4, 1 s. 2aγ end.

② intr. (mid. and perf., plpf., 2 aor. act., but s. also aγ end) to be present in any way, be present

ⓐ pres., fut., aor. (TestJos 2:6; 20:6; TestSol 6:1 and C 12:1; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 19 [Stone p. 54]; ApcMos 35; Mel., P. 62, 450).

α. approach, come τινί (to) someone (Philo, De Jos. 94) Ac 9:39; 27:23 (Plut., Lysander 444 [20, 7] αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους παραστῆναι τὸν Ἄμμωνα).—Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before (s. 1e above.—Chariton 6, 6, 4 παρέστην δικαστηρίῳ) Καίσαρί σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must appear before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24; cp. 2 Ti subscr. πάντες παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ θεοῦ (v.l. Χριστοῦ) Ro 14:10. πάντας δεῖ παραστῆναι τῷ βήματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ Pol 6:2.

β. of appearing with hostile intent (Appian, Illyr. 17 §51) abs. παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς Ac 4:26 (Ps 2:2).

γ. come to the aid of, help, stand by τινί someone (Hom. et al.; X., Cyr. 5, 3, 19 al.; PKöln VI, 245, 22 σὺ δὲ θεὰ παρίστασο ‘and you, Goddess, be at my side’, w. suggestion of a relationship between Athena and Odysseus [for parallels and lit. s. ‘Ptocheia’ or ‘Odysseus in Disguise at Troy’ (=ASP 31), ed. MParca ’91, 59]; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 VI, 7; 12; Jos., Bell. 2, 245; SibOr 8, 407) Ro 16:2. ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη 2 Ti 4:17 (cp. PHerm 125b, 8 [III A.D.] θεὸς παρίσταταί σοι; Jos., Ant. 1, 341; SibOr 3, 705).—The 1 aor. pass. παρεστάθην αὐτῷ Hs 8, 4, 1 is prob. used in act. sense I took a position beside him (so as to be ready for service).

ⓑ perf. and plpf. (En 14:22; PsSol 2:36; TestSol 14:2 al.; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29 [Stone p. 16]; Just., D. 9, 1)

α. of personal beings stand ( near or by), be present τινί (with) someone (LXX; TestJob 24:10; Jos., Bell. 2, 281) Ac 1:10; 1 Cl 34:6 (Da 7:10 Theod.). ἐνώπιόν τινος stand before someone (1 Km 16:21; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29f [Stone p. 16]) οὗτος παρέστηκεν ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν ὑγιής Ac 4:10.—Mostly in the ptc.: modifying a noun and followed by an indication of place: ὁ κεντυρίων ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτοῦ Mk 15:39 (cp. 1 Macc 11:68 S). Γαβριὴλ ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 1:19 (cp. Jdth 4:14; Tob 12:15 S). Without indication of place (Diod S 17, 66, 7 παρεστὼς Φιλώτας=Philotas, who stood nearby; Diog. L. 2, 102; Aberciusins. 17; EpArist 19) εἷς παρεστηκὼς τῶν ὑπηρετῶν one of the servants who was standing by J 18:22. ἰδὼν τὸν μαθητὴν παρεστῶτα when he saw the disciple standing near 19:26. (ἄγγελοι) λειτουργοῦσιν παρεστῶτες 1 Cl 34:5. παρεστὼς ὁ κύριος MPol 2:2. οἱ παρεστῶτες αὐτῷ those standing near him Ac 23:2.—Subst. οἱ παρεστηκότες (PPetr II, 4, 6, 13 [III B.C.]) or οἱ παρεστῶτες (Diog. L. 9, 27) the bystanders, the spectators, those present Mk 14:47, 69f; 15:35 (vv.ll. παρεστώτων, ἑστηκότων); Lk 19:24; Ac 23:4; in vs. 2 the widely attested rdg. adds a dat.: τοῖς παρεστῶσιν αὐτῷ (cp. POxy 1204, 13 ὁ παρεστώς σοι).

β. of a point of time be here, have come (Il. 16, 853; Demosth. 18, 90; 21, 101) παρέστηκεν ὁ θερισμός the time for the harvest is here Mk 4:29.

γ. as an agricultural t.t. (cp. OGI 56, 68 ὅταν ὁ πρώϊμος σπόρος παραστῇ; PLille 8, 5) someth. like be fully grown σταφυλὴ παρεστηκυῖα a ripe grape (in contrast to ὄμφαξ) 1 Cl 23:4=2 Cl 11:3 (quot. of unknown orig.).—M-M. DELG s.v. ἵημι. TW.

παρίστημι/παριστάνω (the word since Hom.+; the later form παριστάνω [Ro 6:13, 16; but παρίστησι 1 Cor 8:8 v.l.; Ath. 33, 1] since Polyb. et al.; Epict. 3, 22, 87; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 814, 36 [67 A.D.]; 1109, 76.—B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202) pres. inf. παραστᾶν (Tat. 33, 1; Ath. 11, 3), ptc. pl. παριστῶντες (Tat. 1, 3—B-D-F §93); fut. παραστήσω; 1 aor. παρέστησα; 2 aor. παρέστην; pf. παρέστηκα, ptc. παρεστηκώς or παρεστώς; plpf. παρειστήκειν; inf. παρεστάναι (Dt 18:5; PsSol 2:36). Mid.: fut. παραστήσομαι. Pass.: 1 aor. παρεστάθην.

① trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.) to cause to be present in any way

ⓐ place beside, put at someone’s disposal τινά or τί τινι someone or someth. to someone (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 7 Jac.; Socrates of Rhodes [I B.C.]: 192 Fgm. 1 p. 927, 25 Jac. [in Athen. 4, 148b]; Lucian, D. Mar. 6, 2) παραστήσει μοι λεγιῶνας Mt 26:53. τὶ someth. (cp. 2 Macc 12:3 v.l. σκάφη) κτήνη provide riding animals Ac 23:24. For protection παρέστησεν αὐτῇ τοὺς υἱούς αὐτοῦ he placed his sons at her side=Joseph placed Mary in the care of his sons GJs 18:1. Here belongs παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ θεῷ Ro 6:13b. W. dat. and double acc. (of the obj. and the pred.) ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους (εἰς ὑπακοήν) to whomever you yield yourselves as slaves (to obey him; w. acc., followed by εἰς=to or for [s. MTreu, Alkaios ’52, p. 12]) vs. 16; μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ vs. 13a; cp. vs. 19ab.

ⓑ present, represent

α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33. παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ 2 Cor 11:2. Of the ‘presentation’ of Jesus in the Temple Lk 2:22 (Billerb. II 120–23. Cp. also Olympiodorus, Life of Plato, ed. AWestermann 1850 p. 1: of Plato, said to be of transcendent origin, λαβόντες οἱ γονεῖς βρέφος ὄντα τεθείκασιν ἐν τῷ Ὑμηττῷ βουλόμενοι ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἐκεῖ θεοῖς … θῦσαι=his parents took him when he was an infant and placed him on Hymettus with the intent to sacrifice … to the gods there). W. dat. of pers., acc. of obj., and pred. acc. οἷς παρέστησεν ἑαυτὸν ζῶντα to whom he presented himself alive Ac 1:3; without a dat., which is supplied fr. the context παρέστησεν αὐτὴν ζῶσαν 9:41.

β. fig. παραστήσω σε κατὰ πρόσωπόν σου I will show you to yourself face to face 1 Cl 35:10 (Ps 49:21).

ⓒ ‘present’ becomes almost equivalent to make, render (Plut., Mor. 676c [ἡ πίσσα] τὸν οἶνον εὔποτον παρίστησι) ἵνα παραστήσῃ αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ἔνδοξον τὴν ἐκκλησίαν that (Christ) might render the church glorious before himself Eph 5:27. σπούδασον σεαυτὸν δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ θεῷ 2 Ti 2:15. παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ to make you holy before him Col 1:22. ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον τέλειον ἐν Χριστῷ that we may make everyone complete in Christ vs. 28.

ⓓ as a t.t. in the language of sacrifice offer, bring, present (παριστάναι θυσίαν, θύματα etc.: Epici p. 41, 49 B.=p. 19, 16 K.; Polyb. 16, 25, 7; Diod S 3, 72, 1; Lucian, Sacr. 13; Jos., Bell. 2, 89, Ant. 4, 113; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 694, 49; 736, 70; OGI 456, 20; 764, 23; 38. The mid. is also used in this way since X., An. 6, 1, 22) fig. παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα θυσίαν ζῶσαν offer bodies as a living sacrifice Ro 12:1.

ⓔ as a legal t.t. bring before (a judge) (Sb 4512, 82 [II B.C.]; OGI 669, 49; BGU 163, 3; 341, 14; 747 II, 26; 759, 22; 1139, 18). Some would prefer to understand 1 Cor 8:8 in this sense: βρῶμα ἡμᾶς οὐ παραστήσει τῷ θεῷ food will not bring us before (the judgment seat of) God. Likew. ἡμᾶς ἐγερεῖ καὶ παραστήσει σὺν ὑμῖν he will raise us and bring us, together with you, before him (=before his judgment seat) 2 Cor 4:14. But the forensic mng. is not certain in either of these places, and the sense is prob. bring before God = bring close to God (cp. Rtzst., ZNW 13, 1912, 19f).

ⓕ prove, demonstrate (Lysias 12, 51; X., Oec. 13, 1; Epict. 2, 23, 47; 2, 26, 4; Jos., Ant. 4, 47, Vi. 27; PLips 64, 34) οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι δύνανταί σοι περὶ ὧν νυνὶ κατηγοροῦσίν μου nor can they prove to you the accusations they are now making against me Ac 24:13.—On the 1 aor. pass. Hs 8, 4, 1 s. 2aγ end.

② intr. (mid. and perf., plpf., 2 aor. act., but s. also aγ end) to be present in any way, be present

ⓐ pres., fut., aor. (TestJos 2:6; 20:6; TestSol 6:1 and C 12:1; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 19 [Stone p. 54]; ApcMos 35; Mel., P. 62, 450).

α. approach, come τινί (to) someone (Philo, De Jos. 94) Ac 9:39; 27:23 (Plut., Lysander 444 [20, 7] αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους παραστῆναι τὸν Ἄμμωνα).—Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before (s. 1e above.—Chariton 6, 6, 4 παρέστην δικαστηρίῳ) Καίσαρί σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must appear before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24; cp. 2 Ti subscr. πάντες παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ θεοῦ (v.l. Χριστοῦ) Ro 14:10. πάντας δεῖ παραστῆναι τῷ βήματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ Pol 6:2.

β. of appearing with hostile intent (Appian, Illyr. 17 §51) abs. παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς Ac 4:26 (Ps 2:2).

γ. come to the aid of, help, stand by τινί someone (Hom. et al.; X., Cyr. 5, 3, 19 al.; PKöln VI, 245, 22 σὺ δὲ θεὰ παρίστασο ‘and you, Goddess, be at my side’, w. suggestion of a relationship between Athena and Odysseus [for parallels and lit. s. ‘Ptocheia’ or ‘Odysseus in Disguise at Troy’ (=ASP 31), ed. MParca ’91, 59]; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 VI, 7; 12; Jos., Bell. 2, 245; SibOr 8, 407) Ro 16:2. ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη 2 Ti 4:17 (cp. PHerm 125b, 8 [III A.D.] θεὸς παρίσταταί σοι; Jos., Ant. 1, 341; SibOr 3, 705).—The 1 aor. pass. παρεστάθην αὐτῷ Hs 8, 4, 1 is prob. used in act. sense I took a position beside him (so as to be ready for service).

ⓑ perf. and plpf. (En 14:22; PsSol 2:36; TestSol 14:2 al.; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29 [Stone p. 16]; Just., D. 9, 1)

α. of personal beings stand ( near or by), be present τινί (with) someone (LXX; TestJob 24:10; Jos., Bell. 2, 281) Ac 1:10; 1 Cl 34:6 (Da 7:10 Theod.). ἐνώπιόν τινος stand before someone (1 Km 16:21; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29f [Stone p. 16]) οὗτος παρέστηκεν ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν ὑγιής Ac 4:10.—Mostly in the ptc.: modifying a noun and followed by an indication of place: ὁ κεντυρίων ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτοῦ Mk 15:39 (cp. 1 Macc 11:68 S). Γαβριὴλ ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 1:19 (cp. Jdth 4:14; Tob 12:15 S). Without indication of place (Diod S 17, 66, 7 παρεστὼς Φιλώτας=Philotas, who stood nearby; Diog. L. 2, 102; Aberciusins. 17; EpArist 19) εἷς παρεστηκὼς τῶν ὑπηρετῶν one of the servants who was standing by J 18:22. ἰδὼν τὸν μαθητὴν παρεστῶτα when he saw the disciple standing near 19:26. (ἄγγελοι) λειτουργοῦσιν παρεστῶτες 1 Cl 34:5. παρεστὼς ὁ κύριος MPol 2:2. οἱ παρεστῶτες αὐτῷ those standing near him Ac 23:2.—Subst. οἱ παρεστηκότες (PPetr II, 4, 6, 13 [III B.C.]) or οἱ παρεστῶτες (Diog. L. 9, 27) the bystanders, the spectators, those present Mk 14:47, 69f; 15:35 (vv.ll. παρεστώτων, ἑστηκότων); Lk 19:24; Ac 23:4; in vs. 2 the widely attested rdg. adds a dat.: τοῖς παρεστῶσιν αὐτῷ (cp. POxy 1204, 13 ὁ παρεστώς σοι).

β. of a point of time be here, have come (Il. 16, 853; Demosth. 18, 90; 21, 101) παρέστηκεν ὁ θερισμός the time for the harvest is here Mk 4:29.

γ. as an agricultural t.t. (cp. OGI 56, 68 ὅταν ὁ πρώϊμος σπόρος παραστῇ; PLille 8, 5) someth. like be fully grown σταφυλὴ παρεστηκυῖα a ripe grape (in contrast to ὄμφαξ) 1 Cl 23:4=2 Cl 11:3 (quot. of unknown orig.).—M-M. DELG s.v. ἵημι. TW.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `go' (Il.).

Other forms: Only present stem. Other presents: 1. βάσκω, mostly as ipv. βάσκε, - τε (Il.; s. below); 2. βιβάσκω (Il.), mostly causative ; 3. βίβημι (βίβᾱμι), - άω (to ἔβην, s. below) in βιβάς, βιβῶν, βιβᾳ̃ `stride' (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 300); 4. βιβάζω (posthom.) causative; 5. βιβάσθων in μακρὰ β. (Il.), metrical lengthening of βιβάς at verse end (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 327, Shipp Studies 39).

Compounds: Many compounds: ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, ἐμ-βαίνω usw.

Derivatives: 1. βάσις `step, base' (Pi., in comp. Il.) = Skt. gáti- (below). 2. βατήρ, - ῆρος m. `threshold, basis' (Amips., inscr. etc.). 3. - βάτης, - ου m. from comp.: ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐμ-βάτης etc. (Il.), also with nominal first element, e. g. στυλο-βά-της; 4. - βατος from comp.: ἀνα- ( ἀμ-)βατός etc. (Il.); βατός as simplex (rarely) `accessible' (X.); s. Chantr. Form. 302ff. From - βάτης and - βατος abstracta in - σία, ὑπερβασία `transgression' (Il.); denomin. in - εύω and - έω, ἐμβατεύω etc. 5. - βάς, - άδος f. in ἐμβαδές. From here (?) adv. βάδην `step by step'. 6. βάθρον `basis, seat' etc. (Ion.-Att.), βάθρᾱ. 7. βαθμός and βασμός m. `step, basis' etc. (hell.; βαθμίς f. Pi.). Not here βαμβαίνων, q. v. From the root βη-: βῆμα, βᾶμα n. `step' etc. (h. Merc. etc.; = Av. gāman- n. `step') ; further βηλός (βᾱλός) m. `threshold' (Il.), βηλά n. pl. = πέδιλα (Panyas.); s. Chantr. Form. 240. Also - βήτης, - ου m. in ἐμπυριβή-της ( τρίπους) `standing over the fire' (Ψ 702); on διαβή-της s.s.v. `circle etc.' (Ar.) s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 33f.; cf. also ἀμφισβητέω.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [463] * gʷem- `go'

Etymology: A jot present \< *βάν-ι̯ω \< *βάμ-ι̯ω \< gʷm̥-i̯ō, βά-σκω \< *gʷm̥- from the root * gʷem-. The non-present forms were made from the root βη- (βᾱ-) \< * gʷeh₂-: ἔβην, βήσομαι (factitive ἔβησα, βήσω after ἔστησα, στήσω), βέβηκα (Il.). The present βαίνω is identical with Lat. venio (on `go' and `come' s. Porzig Satzinhalte 330f.); the sḱ-present βάσκε in Skt.. gácchati \< *gʷm̥-ske-ti `he goes'. The full grade in Goth. qiman `come', Skt. á-gam-am `I went' (aor.). Here also ἐβάθη ἐγεννήθη H.? for which one compares Lith. gìmstu `be born', if - stu \< *-sḱō (Leumann IF 58, 120)? - With βάσις cf. Skt. gáti-, Lat. con-ventio, and Germ., e.g. Goth. ga-qumÞs. Also - βατος = Skt. (-) gata-, Lat. - ventus. With βίβημι cf. Skt. jígāti `he goes. The aor. ἔβην agrees exactly with Skt. á-gā-m `he went'; das noun βῆμα agrees with Av. gā-man- n. `step, pace'. - With the roots g^uem- and g^uā- cf. * drem- (s. ἔδραμον), drā- (s. ἀποδιδράσκω), with related meaning. Cf. βέβαιος, βέβηλος, βωμός, βαστάζω, βητάρμων.

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πρόσωπον, ου, τό (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.).

① the front part of the head

ⓐ lit. face, countenance Mt 6:16f; 17:2; Mk 14:65; Lk 9:29 (s. εἶδος 1); Ac 6:15ab (Chariton 2, 2, 2 θαυμάζουσαι τὸ πρόσωπον ὡς θεῖον; Damasc., Vi. Isid. 80 Πρόκλος ἐθαύμαζε τὸ Ἰσιδώρου πρόσωπον, ὡς ἔνθεον ἦν; Marinus, Vi. Procli 23); 2 Cor 3:7 twice, 13 (JMorgenstern, Moses with the Shining Face: HUCA 2, 1925, 1–28); cp. vs. 18; 4:6; but in the last two passages there is a transition from the face of Moses to a symbolic use of πρ. (s. 1bβג below); Rv 4:7; 9:7ab; 10:1; IEph 15:3 (cp. 1bβו); MPol 12:1; Hv 3, 10, 1; B 5:14; GJs 17:2; 18:2 (codd.). ἐμβριθεῖ τῷ πρ. MPol 9:2 (s. ἐμβριθής). ποίῳ προσώπῳ GJs 13:1b. πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ the face he was born with Js 1:23 (γένεσις 2a). ἐμπτύειν εἰς τὸ πρ. τινος spit in someone’s face (s. ἐμπτύω) Mt 26:67. εἰς πρ. δέρειν τινά strike someone in the face 2 Cor 11:20. τύπτειν τὸ πρ. GJs 13:1a. συνέπεσεν τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ his face fell or became distorted 1 Cl 4:3; cp. vs. 4 (Gen 4:6 and 5; JosAs 13:8). πίπτειν ἐπὶ (τὸ; the art. is usu. lacking; B-D-F §255, 4; 259, 1; cp. Rob. 792) πρ. αὐτοῦ fall on one’s face as a sign of devotion (=נָפַל עַל פָּנָיו; cp. Gen 17:3; Ruth 2:10; TestAbr A 9 p. 86, 16 [Stone p. 20]; JosAs 14:4 al.; ApcSed 14:2) Mt 17:6; 26:39; Rv 7:11; 11:16. Without αὐτοῦ (Gen 17:17; Num 14:5; Jos., Ant. 10, 11) Lk 5:12; 17:16; 1 Cor 14:25.

ⓑ personal presence or relational circumstance, fig.

α. in all kinds of imagery which, in large part, represent OT usage, and in which the face is oft. to be taken as the seat of the faculty of seeing. Βλέπειν πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον to see face to face 1 Cor 13:12 (cp. Gen 32:31 [Jos., Ant. 1, 334 θεοῦ πρόσωπον]; Judg 6:22. See HRiesenfeld, ConNeot 5, ’41, 19; 21f [abstracts of four articles]). κλίνειν τὸ πρ. εἰς τὴν γῆν Lk 24:5 (κλίνω 1). πρ. κυρίου ἐπὶ ποιοῦντας κακά 1 Pt 3:12; 1 Cl 22:6 (both Ps 33:17). ἐπίφανον τὸ πρ. σου ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς (ἐπιφαίνω 1) 60:3 (s. Num 6:25). ἐμφανισθῆναι τῷ προσώπῳ τοῦ θεοῦ (ἐμφανίζω 1) Hb 9:24. βλέπειν τὸ πρ. τινος, i.e. of God (βλέπω 1a, ὁράω A1c and s. JBoehmer, Gottes Angesicht: BFCT 12, 1908, 321–47; EGulin, D. Antlitz Jahwes im AT: Annal. Acad. Scient. Fenn. 17, 3, 1923; FNötscher, ‘Das Anges. Gottes schauen’ nach bibl. u. babylon. Auffassung 1924) Mt 18:10; cp. Rv 22:4. ὁρᾶν, ἰδεῖν or θεωρεῖν τὸ πρ. τινος see someone’s face, i.e. see someone (present) in person (UPZ 70, 5 [152/151 B.C.] οὐκ ἄν με ἶδες τὸ πρόσωπον. See Gen 32:21; 43:3, 5; 46:30 al.) Ac 20:25, 38; 1 Th 2:17b; 3:10; IRo 1:1; s. IPol 1:1. τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί Col 2:1. τῷ προσώπῳ ἀγνοούμενος unknown by face, i.e. personally Gal 1:22 (ἀγνοέω 1b). ἀπορφανισθέντες ἀφʼ ὑμῶν προσώπῳ οὐ καρδίᾳ (dat. of specification) orphaned by separation from you in person, not in heart (or outwardly, not inwardly) 1 Th 2:17a. ἐκζητεῖν τὰ πρόσωπα τῶν ἁγίων (ἐκζητέω 1) B 19:10; D 4:2. ἀποστρέφειν τὸ πρ. ἀπό τινος (ἀποστρέφω 1) 1 Cl 18:9 (Ps 50:11); 16:3 (Is 53:3). στερεῖν τοῦ προσώπου τινός B 13:4 (Gen 48:11).—τὸ πρόσωπον στηρίζειν (s. στηρίζω 2 and cp. SAntoniades, Neotestamentica: Neophilologus 14, 1929, 129–35) Lk 9:51. τὸ πρ. αὐτοῦ ἦν πορευόμενον εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ his face was set toward Jerusalem vs. 53 (cp. 2 Km 17:11).—θαυμάζειν πρόσωπον flatter Jd 16 (PsSol 2:18; s. also θαυμάζω 1bα). λαμβάνειν πρόσωπον (=נָשָׂא פָנִים; cp. Sir 4:22; 35:13; 1 Esdr 4:39; s. Thackeray p. 43f; B-D-F p. 3, note 5; Rob. 94) show partiality or favoritism Lk 20:21; B 19:4; D 4:3. λαμβ. πρόσωπόν τινος (cp. Mal 1:8) Gal 2:6. S. PKatz, Kratylos 5, ’60, 161.

β. governed by prepositions, in usages where πρ. in many cases requires a dynamic equivalent

א. ἀπὸ προσώπου τινός from the presence of someone (JosAs 28:10; Just., A I, 36, 1; s. Vi. Aesopi W 104 v.l. p. 188 last line P. ἐπιστολὴ ὡς ἐκ προσώπου τοῦ Αἰσώπου) Ac 3:20; (away) from someone or someth. (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 9 Jac. φυγεῖν ἀπὸ προσώπου Κύρου; LXX; PsSol 4:8 al.; Herodas 8, 59 ἔρρʼ ἐκ προσώπου=get out of my sight; TestAbr A 2 p. 78, 11 [Stone p. 4] ἐκ προσώπου: here because of the compound ἐξέρχομαι) 5:41; 7:45; 2 Th 1:9; Rv 6:16 (Is 2:10, 19, 21); 12:14; 20:11 (cp. Ex 14:25; Josh 10:11; Sir 21:2; 1 Macc 5:34 and oft.) 1 Cl 4:8 (s. ἀποδιδράσκω), 10 (s. the passages cited for Rv 20:11 above); 18:11 (Ps 50:13; ἀπο[ρ]ρίπτω 2); 28:3 (Ps 138:7).

ב. εἰς πρόσωπον: (Aesop, Fab. 302 P.= εἰς Ζηνὸς πρόσωπον ἔρχεσθαι=before the face of Zeus) εἰς πρόσωπον τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν before (lit. ‘in the face of’) the congregations 2 Cor 8:24. τὰ φαινόμενά σου εἰς πρόσωπον what meets your eye, i.e. the visible world IPol 2:2. βλέπειν εἰς πρόσωπόν τινος Mt 22:16; Mk 12:14 (s. βλέπω 4). To one’s face i.e. when present Hv 3, 6, 3 cj. (cp. POxy 903, 2; BGU 909, 12).

ג. ἐν προσώπῳ (Maximus Tyr. 38, 1a) ἐν προσώπῳ Χριστοῦ before the face of Christ that looks down with approval 2 Cor 2:10 (cp. Pr 8:30; Sir 35:4), or as the representative of Christ (REB); difft. 4:6 on the face of Christ (s. 1a above).

ד. κατὰ πρόσωπον face to face, (present) in person (Polyb. 24, 15, 2; Diod S 19, 46, 2; Plut., Caesar 716 [17, 8]; IMagnMai 93b, 11; IPriene 41, 6; OGI 441, 66 [81 B.C.]; PLond II, 479, 6 p. 256 [III A.D.?]; POxy 1071, 1) B 15:1. (Opp. ἀπών) 2 Cor 10:1. Παῦλος, ὸ̔ς γενόμενος ἐν ὑμῖν κατὰ πρόσωπον Pol 3:2. πρὶν ἢ ὁ κατηγορούμενος κατὰ πρόσωπον ἔχοι τοὺς κατηγόρους before the accused meets his accusers face to face Ac 25:16, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην I opposed him to his face Gal 2:11 (cp. Diod S 40, 5a of an accusation κατὰ πρόσωπον; 2 Macc 7:6; Jos., Ant. 5, 46; 13, 278).—κατὰ πρόσωπον with partiality, in favoritism B 19:7; D 4:10.—τὰ κατὰ πρόσωπον what is before your eyes 2 Cor 10:7.—Used w. the gen. like a prep. (PPetr III, 1 II, 8 κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ ἱεροῦ; LXX; Jos., Ant. 3, 144; 9, 8) κατὰ πρ. τινος before or in the presence of someone (Jos., Ant. 11, 235) Lk 2:31; Ac 3:13; 16:9 D; 1 Cl 35:10 (Ps. 49:21).

ה. μετὰ προσώπου: πληρώσεις με εὐφροσύνης μετὰ τοῦ προσώπου σου Ac 2:28 (Ps 15:11); μετά A 2γ ג.

ו. πρὸ προσώπου τινός (LXX; TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 4 [Stone p. 30] πρὸ προσώπου τῆς τραπέζης; GrBar 1:4; s. Johannessohn, Präp. 184–86) before someone Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27 (on all three cp. Mal 3:1).—Lk 1:76 v.l. (s. Ex 32:34); 9:52 (s. Ex 23:20); 10:1; 1 Cl 34:3 (s. Is 62:11). IEph 15:3 (cp. 1a).—πρὸ προσώπου τῆς εἰσόδου αὐτοῦ Ac 13:24 (εἴσοδος 2).

② entire bodily presence, person (Polyb. 5, 107, 3; 8, 13, 5; 12, 27, 10; 27, 7, 4; Diod S 37, 12, 1; Plut., Mor. 509b; Epict. 1, 2, 7; Vett. Val. s. index; Just., A I, 36, 2; POxy 1672, 4 [37–41 A.D.] ξένοις προσώποις=to strangers; 237 VII, 34; PRyl 28, 88. Cp. Phryn. p. 379 Lob., also Lob.’s comment p. 380; KPraechter, Philol 63, 1904, 155f) ὀλίγα πρόσωπα a few persons 1 Cl 1:1; ἓν ἢ δύο πρ. 47:6. τὰ προγεγραμμένα πρ. the persons mentioned above IMg 6:1. Here is surely also the place for ἐκ πολλῶν προσώπων by many (persons) 2 Cor 1:11 (from Luther to NRSV et al.; ‘face’ is preferred by Heinrici, Plummer et al.—With this expr. cp. Diod S 15, 38, 4 ἐκ τρίτου προσώπου=[claims were raised] by a third ‘party’, i.e. Thebes, against Sparta and Athens).

③ the outer surface of someth., face= surface πρόσωπον τῆς γῆς (Gen 2:6; 7:23; 11:4, 8 al.) Lk 21:35; Ac 17:26; B 11:7 (Ps 1:4); and 6:9 prob. belongs here also.

④ that which is present in a certain form or character to a viewer, external things, appearance opp. καρδία (1 Km 16:7) 2 Cor 5:12. πρόσωπον εἰρήνης (opp. πονηρίαι … ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις) Hv 3, 6, 3. ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ (i.e. of grass and flowers) Js 1:11. Of the appearance of the sky Mt 16:3; cp. Lk 12:56 (s. Ps 103:30).—SSchlossmann, Persona u. Πρόσωπον im röm. Recht u. christl. Dogma 1906; RHirzel, Die Person; Begriff u. Name derselben im Altertum: SBBayAk 1914, Heft 10; HRheinfelder, Das Wort ‘Persona’; Gesch. seiner Bed. 1928; FAltheim, Persona: ARW 27, 1929, 35–52; RAC I 437–40; BHHW I 93f. B. 216.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

γίνομαι (in the form γίγνομαι [s. below] Hom.+; as γίν. since Aristot.+; and s. Kühner-Bl. II p. 391; Schwyzer I 215; KBrugmann⁴-AThumb, Griech. Gramm. 1913, 126; Mayser p. 165 and lit. there). Impf. ἐγινόμην; fut. γενήσομαι; 2 aor. ἐγενόμην, 3 sg. opt. γένοιτο; very rare v.l. (B-D-F §81, 3) γενάμενος (GJs 6:1; 16;1; 25:1 [s. deStrycker 249]; also found in Ps.-Callisth. 1, 20, 1; 1, 41, 11; ApcEsdr 1:3 p. 24, 7 Tdf.; Mel., P. 49, 346 [Bodm.]). Pass.: fut. ptc. τῶν γενηθησομένων (Eccl 1:11 v.l.); 1 aor. ἐγενήθην (Doric, H. Gk.; Phryn. 108 Lob.; pap fr. III B.C., Mayser I/2² ’38, 157f [w. lit.]; ins [Schweizer 181; Nachmanson 168; Thieme 13]; LXX), impv. γενηθήτω; pf. γεγένημαι (Meisterhans³-Schw.: Att. ins since 376 B.C.; Mayser 391) uncontested use in NT only J 2:9; GJs 24:3 (γεγένν-pap); apolog. On pf. γέγονα s. Meisterhans³-Schw.: since 464 B.C.; Mayser 372; on the aoristic use of γέγονα s. Mlt. 145f; 238; 239; PChantraine, Histoire du parfait grec 1927, 233–45; 3 pl. γέγοναν Ro 16:7 (v.l. γεγόνασιν) and Rv 21:6; s. KBuresch, Γέγοναν: RhM 46, 1891, 193ff; Mlt. 52 n.; ptc. γεγονώς; plpf. 3 sg. ἐγεγόνει (1 Macc. 4:27; 2 Macc. 13:17; J 6:17; Just.), without augment γεγόνει (Ac 4:22; v.l. ἐγεγόνει), s. B-D-F §78; Mlt-H. 190. On the variation γίνομαι and γίγνομαι s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108. A verb with numerous nuances relating to being and manner of being. Its contrast to the more static term εἰμί can be seen in Kaibel 595, 5 οὐκ ἤμην καὶ ἐγενόμην=I was not and then I came to be (cp. Ath. 4, 2 in 3 below).

① to come into being through process of birth or natural production, be born, be produced (SIG 1168, 6; Epict. 2, 17, 8; Wsd 7:3; Sir 44:9; Just., A I, 13, 3; Tat. 26, 2) J 8:58; w. ἔκ τινος foll. (Diod S 3, 64, 1; Appian, Basil. 5 §1; Parthenius 1, 4; Athen. 13, 37 p. 576c ἐξ ἑταίρας; PPetr III, 2, 20; PFlor 382, 38 ὁ ἐξ ἐμοῦ γενόμενος υἱός; 1 Esdr 4:16; Tob 8:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 216) Ro 1:3; Gal 4:4 (cp. 1QS 11:21). Also of plants 1 Cor 15:37. Of fruits ἔκ τινος be produced by a tree Mt 21:19 (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 13 ὁ ἐκ τ. χώρας γιγνόμενος σῖτος). W. ἀπό τινος foll. Ox 1081 (SJCh), 11 γε̣[ινόμε]νον, 14 γέγ[ονος], 14f γε[ι]νομεν[ον], 19 γέγονος.

② to come into existence, be made, be created, be manufactured, be performed

ⓐ gener. ὸ̔ γέγονεν J 1:3c (s. ref. to Vawter, below); w. διά τινος vs. 3a (MTeschendorf, D. Schöpfungsged. im NT: StKr 104, ’32, 337–72). W. χωρίς τινος vs. 3b (IAndrosIsis, Cyrene 15 [103 A.D.] Ἐμοῦ δὲ χωρὶς γείνετʼ οὐδὲν πώποτε; Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus 15 [Stoic. I 537=Coll. Alex. no. 1 p. 227] οὐδέ τι γίγνεται ἔργον σοῦ δίχα; note the related style 1QH 1:20; on the syntax of J 1:3f see BVawter, CBQ 25, ’63, 401–6, who favors a full stop after οὐδὲ ἕν, s. εἷς 2b and lit. cited there on J 1:3). W. ἔκ τινος Hb 11:3. Of cult images διὰ χειρῶν γινόμενοι made w. hands Ac 19:26 (cp. PRyl 231, 3 [40 A.D.] τοὺς ἄρτους γενέσθαι). Of miracles: be done, take place (Tob 11:15; Wsd 19:13 v.l. Swete) Mt 11:20f, 23; Lk 10:13; Ac 8:13. ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν γεγόνει τὸ σημεῖον τοῦτο on whom this miracle had been performed 4:22. W. mention of the author διά τινος (cp. 4 Macc 17:11) 2:43; 4:16, 30; 12:9; 24:2. διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τινος Mk 6:2; Ac 14:3. ὑπό τινος (Herodian 8, 4, 2; OGI 168, 46 [115 B.C.] τὰ γεγονότα ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς φιλάνθρωπα; UPZ III, 3, 7 [116 B.C.]; PTebt 786, 14 [II B.C.]; Wsd 9:2; Jos., Ant. 8, 111; 347; Just., D. 35, 8 τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ [Jesus] καὶ νῦν γινομένων δυνάμεων) Lk 9:7 v.l.; 13:17; 23:8; Eph 5:12. Of commands, instructions be fulfilled, performed γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου thy will be done (Appian, Liby. 90 §423 τὸ πρόσταγμα δεῖ γενέσθαι; Syntipas p. 25, 3 γενέσθω τὸ αἴτημα) Mt 6:10; 26:42; Lk 11:2; cp. 22:42. γέγονεν ὸ̔ ἐπέταξας your order has been carried out 14:22. γενέσθαι τὸ αἴτημα αὐτῶν that their demand should be granted 23:24. Of institutions: be established, the Sabbath for the sake of humans Mk 2:27 (Crates, Ep. 24 οὐ γεγόνασιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τ. ἵππων χάριν, ἀλλʼ οἱ ἵπποι τ. ἀνθρώπων).

ⓑ w. mention of the special nature of an undertaking: ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί in order to have such action taken in my case 1 Cor 9:15. ἐν τῷ ξηρῷ τί γένηται; what will be done when it (the wood) is dry? Lk 23:31.

③ come into being as an event or phenomenon from a point of origin, arise, come about, develop (Alcaeus 23 Diehl² [320 L-P.] καί κʼ οὐδὲν ἐκ δένος γένοιτο=nothing could originate from nothing; Ath. 4:2 τὸ ὸ̓ν οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὸ̓ν)

ⓐ of events or phenomena in nature (Sir 40:10; Ex 10:22; Job 40:23; Jos., Ant. 9, 36): lightning, thunder (X., An. 3, 1, 11) J 12:29; Rv 8:5; 11:19; calm (on the sea) Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; Lk 8:24; storm Mk 4:37; a cloud (cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 36) 9:7; Lk 9:34; Hv 4, 3, 7; flood Lk 6:48; earthquake (Parian Marbles [III B.C.]=FGrH: 239B, 24) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Ac 16:26; Rv 6:12; 11:13; 16:18; darkness Mt 27:45; Mk 15:33; Lk 23:44; J 6:17; hail, fire Rv 8:7. Of a dawning day ὅτε δὲ ἡμέρα ἐγένετο (cp. περὶ ἀρχομένην ἡμέραν ‘about dawn’ Jos., Vi 15: in a related story of shipwreck) Ac 27:39.

ⓑ of other occurrences (Arrian, Anab. 4, 4, 3 τὰ ἱερὰ οὐκ ἐγίγνετο=the sacrifice did not turn out [favorably]; 1 Macc 1:25; 4:58; 9:27; 13:44; Jdth 7:29; 14:19 al.): complaining Ac 6:1; persecution, oppression Mt 13:21; 24:21; Mk 4:17; 13:19; Ac 11:19; discussion J 3:25; Ac 15:7; tumult Mt 26:5; 27:24; GJs 21:1 and 25:1; a sound Ac 2:2, 6; weeping 20:37; clamor 23:9; Mt 25:6; AcPl Ha 4, 6; famine Lk 4:25; 15:14; Ac 11:28; ὁρμή (q.v.) 14:5; war Rv 12:7; sharp contention Ac 15:39; tear (in a garment) Mt 9:16; Mk 2:21; Lk 6:49; silence (s. σιγή) Ac 21:40; Rv 8:1; στάσις (q.v. 2) Lk 23:19; Ac 15:2; 23:7, 10; concourse 21:30; confusion 19:23; shout, loud voice 2:6; 19:34; Rv 11:15; dispute Lk 22:24; envy, strife 1 Ti 6:4; astonishment AcPl Ha 4, 25; joy 6, 3; prayer 6, 7; offering 6, 37.

ⓒ of the various divisions of a day (Jdth 13:1; 1 Macc 5:30; 4 Macc 3:8 al.) γενομένης ἡμέρας when day came (Jos., Ant. 10, 202, Vi. 405) Lk 4:42; Ac 12:18; 16:35; 23:12; cp. Lk 6:13; 22:66; Ac 27:29, 33, 39. Difft. Mk 6:21 γενομένης ἡμέρας εὐκαίρου when a convenient/opportune day arrived. ὀψέ (cp. Gen 29:25; 1 Km 25:37) 11:19. ὀψίας γενομένης Mt 8:16; 14:15, 23; 16:2; 26:20; 27:57; Mk 1:32; 6:47; 14:17; 15:42; cp. J 6:16. πρωί̈ας Mt 27:1; J 21:4. νύξ Ac 27:27. ὥρας πολλῆς γενομένης when it had grown late Mk 6:35; cp. 15:33; Lk 22:14; Ac 26:4.

④ to occur as process or result, happen, turn out, take place (Dicaearch., Fgm. 102 W.: a campaign ‘takes place’; Diod S 32 Fgm. 9c τὰς εἰς τ. πατέρα γεγενημένας ἁμαρτίας=the misdeeds ‘perpetrated’ against his father; 2 Macc 1:32; 13:17; 3 Macc 1:11; 4:12; 5:17 al.)

ⓐ gener. τοῦτο ὅλον γέγονεν all this took place w. ἵνα foll. Mt 1:22; 26:56. ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται until all has taken place (=is past) 5:18. πάντα τὰ γενόμενα everything that had happened (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 121 §508 τὰ γενόμενα; 1 Esdr 1:10; Jdth 15:1; 1 Macc 4:20; 2 Macc 10:21; 3 Macc 1:17) 18:31; cp. 21:21; 24:6, 20, 34; 26:54; 27:54; 28:11; Mk 5:14. ἴδωμεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονός let us see this thing that has taken place Lk 2:15 (TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 15 [Stone p. 40]) θανάτου γενομένου since a death has occurred, i.e. since he has died Hb 9:15. τούτου γενομένου after this had happened (Jos., Ant. 9, 56; 129) Ac 28:9. τὸ γεγονός what had happened (Diod S 12, 49, 4; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 18 §496; Jos., Ant. 14, 292) Lk 8:34; 24:12. τὰ γεγονότα AcPl Ha 11, 1.—μὴ γένοιτο strong negation, in Paul only after rhet. questions (cp. TestJob 38:1; JosAs 25:8; Epict., index p. 540e; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 1, 2, Dial. Meretr. 13, 4; Achilles Tat. 5, 18, 4; Aristaen., Ep. 1, 27) by no means, far from it, God forbid (Goodsp., Probs., 88; AMalherbe, HTR 73, ’80, 231–41) Lk 20:16; Ro 3:4, 6, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Cor 6:15; Gal 2:17; 3:21. In more extensive phrasing (the LXX has exx. only of this usage: Gen 44:17; 3 Km 20:3 al.; cp. Josh 22:29; Demosth. 10, 27; Alciphron 2, 5, 3 al.; Ael. Aristid. 23, 80 K.=42 p. 795 D.; 30 p. 578 D.; 54 p. 679 ὸ̔ μὴ γένοιτο) Gal 6:14; w. ἵνα foll. AcPl Ha 7, 40. τί γέγονεν ὅτι (cp. Eccl 7:10) why is it that J 14:22.—Of festivals: be held, take place, come (X., Hell. 7, 4, 28 τὰ Ὀλύμπια; 4, 5, 1; 4 Km 23:22f; 2 Macc 6:7) feast of dedication J 10:22; passover Mt 26:2; sabbath Mk 6:2; wedding J 2:1.—Abs. impv. (put twice for emphasis as Lucian, Pisc. 1 βάλλε, βάλλε; Philostrat., Ep. 35, 1 λάβε λάβε; Procop. Soph., Ep. 45) γενηθήτω γενηθήτω so let it be as a closing formula 1 Cor 16:24 v.l. (cp. Herodas 4, 85, where the sacristan closes his prayer to Asclepius with the words: ὧδε ταῦτʼ εἴη=so may it be).—On γένοιτο ἀμήν GJs 6:2 s. ἀμήν 1a.

ⓑ w. dat. of pers. affected

α. w. inf. foll. (UPZ 24, 29 al.; 1 Macc 13:5; Jos., Ant. 6, 232) ὅπως μὴ γένηται αὐτῷ χρονοτριβῆσαι so that he would not have to lose time Ac 20:16.

β. w. adv. or adv. phrase added (1 Esdr 6:33) κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν γενηθήτω ὑμῖν according to your faith let it be done to you, i.e. you believe, and you won’t be disappointed Mt 9:29; cp. 8:13. γένοιτό μοι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου may that happen to me as you have said Lk 1:38. πῶς ἐγένετο τῷ δαιμονιζομένῳ what had happened to the possessed man Mk 5:16. ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται that it may be well w. you Eph 6:3 (Dt 5:16; cp. Epict. 2, 5, 29 εὖ σοι γένοιτο; Aelian, VH 9, 36). γενηθήτω σοι ὡς θέλεις let it be done for you as you desire, i.e. your wish is granted Mt 15:28.

γ. w. nom. of thing (1 Macc 4:25; Sir 51:17; Ar. 15:5) γίνεταί τινί τι someth. happens to or befalls a person Mk 9:21. ἵνα μὴ χεῖρόν σοί τι γένηται lest someth. worse come upon you J 5:14. τί ἐγένετο αὐτῷ what has happened to him Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1, 23; AcPl Ha 5, 20). τὸ γεγενημένον αὐτῷ Ac 3:10 D. ἐγίνετο πάσῃ ψυχῄ φόβος fear came upon everyone (cp. Tob 11:18) 2:43. λύπη AcPl Ha 6, 16. Freq. γέγονε ἐμοί τι someth. has come to me= I have someth.: πώρωσις τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν a hardening (of heart) has befallen Israel Ro 11:25; σωτηρία τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γεγένηται GJs 19:2; cp. Lk 19:9; διὰ τὴν ὀπτασίαν τὴν γενομένην Παύλῳ AcPl Ha 3, 15; ἐὰν γένηταί τινι ἀνθρώπῳ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα if a man has a hundred sheep Mt 18:12. τοῖς ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται those outside receive everything in parables Mk 4:11. μήποτε γένηται ἀνταπόδομά σοι that you may receive no repayment Lk 14:12; cp. 19:9; J 15:7; 1 Cor 4:5.

ⓒ w. gen. of pers. (Diod S 16, 64, 2 τὸν τῆς Ἑλένης γεγενημένον ὅρμον=the necklace that had belonged to Helen): ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν the kingdom of the world has come into the possession of our Lord Rv 11:15.

ⓓ γίνεταί τι ἐπί τινι someth. happens in the case of or to a person Mk 5:33 v.l.; ἐν v.l. This can also be expressed w. εἴς τινα Ac 28:6 or the double nom. τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο what had become of Peter 12:18 (cp. Jos., Vi. 296 οἱ εἴκοσι χρυσοῖ τὶ γεγόνασιν).

ⓔ w. inf. foll., to emphasize the actual occurrence of the action denoted by the verb: ἐὰν γένηται εὑρεῖν αὐτό if it comes about that he finds it= if he actually finds it Mt 18:13 (s. PCatt V, 19f [=Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 V] ἐὰν γένηταί με ἀποδημεῖν; PAmh 135, 10; BGU 970, 5). ἐγένετο αὐτὸν παραπορεύεσθαι he happened to be passing Mk 2:23; cp. Lk 6:1, 6. ἐγένετο ἀνεῳχθῆναι τὸν οὐρανόν just then the heaven opened Lk 3:21; cp. 16:22 (ἐν τῷ ἀποθανεῖν P⁷⁵); Ac 4:5; 9:3, 32, 37, 43; 11:26; 14:1; 16:16; 19:1; 21:1, 5; 22:6, 17; 27:44; 28:8 (UPZ 62, 29 [161 B.C.] γίνεται γὰρ ἐντραπῆναι).

ⓕ καὶ ἐγένετο (ἐγένετο δέ) periphrastic like וַיְהִי with וַ foll. to indicate the progress of the narrative; it is followed either by a conjunction like ὅτε, ὡς etc., or a gen. abs., or a prepositional constr., and joined to it is a finite verb w. καί (Jdth 5:22; 10:1; Sus 19 Theod.; 1 Macc 1:1; 5:1; Gen 39:7, 13, 19; 42:35; JosAs 11:1; 22:1; AscIs 3:2) Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15 v.l.; Lk 2:15; 5:1, 12, 17; 8:1, 22; 14:1.—Without the second καί (Jdth 2:4; 12:10; 13:12; 1 Macc 6:8; 7:2 v.l.; 9:23; Sus 28 Theod.; Bel 18 Theod.; TestAbr B 1 p. 105, 1 [Stone p. 58] and 6 p. 109, 27 [Stone p. 66]; TestJob 31:1; JosAs 1:1; 3:1) Mt 7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 1:9; 4:4; Lk 1:8, 23, 41, 59; 2:1, 6, 46; 6:12 al. At times it is followed by an inf. The phrase is usually omitted in translation; older versions transl. it came to pass.—Mlt. 16f; MJohannessohn, Das bibl. καὶ ἐγένετο u. s. Geschichte: ZVS 53, 1926, 161–212 (LXX); s. MDibelius, Gnomon 3, 1927, 446–50; HPernot, Études sur la langue des Évangiles 1927, 189–99; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 29–62; JReiling, BT 16, ’65, 153–63; EDelebecque, Études grecques sur l’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65.

⑤ to experience a change in nature and so indicate entry into a new condition, become someth.

ⓐ w. nouns (Lamellae Aur. Orphicae ed. AOlivieri 1915, p. 16, 5 θεὸς ἐγένου ἐξ ἀνθρώπου [IV/III]; Arrian, Anab. 5, 26, 5; Sir 51:2; 1 Esdr 4:26; Wsd 8:2; 4 Macc 16:6; En 103:11; Tat. 19, 2 τοῦ θανάτου καταφρονηταὶ γίνεσθε): ὅπως γένησθε υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν that you may become sons of your father Mt 5:45; ποιήσω ὑμᾶς γενέσθαι ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων I will turn you into fishers of people Mk 1:17; a traitor Lk 6:16; friends 23:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 121); children of God J 1:12; children of light 12:36; a Christian Ac 26:29; apostle AcPlCor 2:4; a father Ro 4:18; a fool 1 Cor 3:18; a spectacle 4:9; a man, an adult 13:11 (Tob 1:9); a curse Gal 3:13. οὐχ ἑαυτὸν ἐδόξασεν γενηθῆναι ἀρχιερέα he did not exalt himself to be made high priest Hb 5:5; ἐγένετο ἀντὶ αὐτοῦ Σαμουήλ Samuel became (high priest) in his place GJs 10:2. W. double nom. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 3, 15 δράκων λίθος ἐγένετο; Quint. Smyrn. 12, 507; Bel 28; 4 Macc 18:7) οἱ λίθοι ἄρτοι γίνονται the stones turn into loaves Mt 4:3. τὸ αἵμα αὐτοῦ λίθον γεγενημένον GJs 24:3. ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (the reverse PBerl 13044, col. III, 28ff [UWilcken, SBBerlAk 1923, 161f] τί ποιῶν ἄν τις γένοιτο θεός;). τὸ ὕδωρ γενήσεται πηγή 4:14. ἡ περιτομὴ ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν Ro 2:25. ἐγενόμην ἐγὼ διάκονος I became a courier Col 1:23 (cp. Herodian 2, 6, 8 ἀνὴρ ἔπαρχος γενόμενος).—Also γ. εἴς τι (Menand., Peric. 49f Kö. [169f S.] τὸ κακὸν εἰς ἀγαθὸν ῥέπει γινόμενον; 1 Km 4:9; Jdth 5:18; 1 Macc 2:11, 43; 3:58; En 19:2 al.; B-D-F §145, 1): ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον it became a tree Lk 13:19; εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk 20:17; Ac 4:11; 1 Pt 2:7 (all in ref. to Ps 117:22); εἰς χαρὰν γ. change (or, turn) into joy J 16:20. εἰς οὐδέν come to nothing Ac 5:36. εἰς παγίδα Ro 11:9 (Ps 68:23); εἰς κενὸν γ. be done in vain 1 Th 3:5. εἰς ἄψινθον Rv 8:11. Cp. AcPl Ha 6, 6. Also w. γίνεσθαι omitted: εἰς κατάκριμα (sc. ἐγένετο τὸ κρίμα) Ro 5:18.

ⓑ used w. an adj. to paraphrase the passive (Jdth 11:11; 1 Esdr 7:3; 2 Macc 3:34; Sus 64 Theod.; En 103:9; Ath. 37, 1 πάντων ὑποχειρίων γιγνομένων): ἁπαλὸν γ. become tender Mt 24:32; Mk 13:28; ἀπειθῆ γ. Ac 26:19; ἀποσυνάγωγον γ. be expelled fr. the synagogue J 12:42; ἄφαντον γ. disappear Lk 24:31; σκωληκόβρωτον γ. be eaten by worms Ac 12:23; γνωστόν, φανερὸν γ. become known (Just., A I, 63, 6) Mk 6:14; Ac 1:19; 9:42; 19:17; 1 Cor 3:13; 14:25; Phil 1:13; δόκιμον γ. pass the test Js 1:12; ἑδραῖον γ. 1 Cor 15:58; ἔκδηλον γ. 2 Ti 3:9; AcPlCor 1:16; ἔξυπνον γ. Ac 16:27 (1 Esdr 3:3=Jos., Ant. 11:34); s. ἀπόπληκτος, ἐλεύθερος, ἐμφανής, ἔμφοβος, ἐνεργής, ἔντρομος, καθαρός, μέγας, περιδάκρυτος, περικρατής, πλήρης, πρηνής, τυφλός, ὑγιής, ὑπήκοος, ὑπόδικος, φανερός 1.

ⓒ w. ἐν of a state of being (Stoic. III 221, 16; Diod S 20, 62, 4 ἐν ἀνέσει γ.; Plut., Tit. Flam. 378 [16, 1] ἐν ὀργῇ γ.; Lucian, Tim. 28; PPetr II, 20; III, 12 [252 B.C.] ἐν ἐπισχέσει γ.; BGU 5 II, 19 ἐν νόσῳ; POxy 471 IV, 77f; 4 Km 9:20; 1 Macc 1:27 v.l.; Sus 8 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 320, Ant. 16, 372; Mel., P. 18 ἐν πόνοις … ἐν πληγαῖς etc.) ἐν ἀγωνίᾳ Lk 22:44. ἐν ἐκστάσει Ac 22:17. ἐν πνεύματι under the Spirit’s influence Rv 1:10; 4:2; AcPl Ha 6, 28. ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων be like human beings Phil 2:7. ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ, φόβῳ, τρόμῳ 1 Cor 2:3. ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:7. ἐν ἑαυτῷ γ. come to one’s senses (Soph., Phil. 950; X., An. 1, 5, 17; Polyb. 1, 49, 8; Chariton 3, 9, 11) Ac 12:11; γ. ἐν Χριστῷ be a Christian Ro 16:7. Cp. 7 below.

⑥ to make a change of location in space, move

ⓐ εἴς τι (Hdt. 5, 87 al.; Philo, Op. M. 86; 2 Macc 1:13; also ἐν: Just., A II, 9, 3 ἐγενόμεθα ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ τόπω): εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα γ. (Jos., Ant. 10, 42) Ac 20:16; 21:17; 25:15. εἰς τὸν ἀγρόν Hv 3, 1, 4. Of a voice: ἐγένετο εἰς τὰ ὦτά μου reached my ear Lk 1:44. Fig. (cp. Bar 4:28) of Abraham’s blessing εἰς τὰ ἔθνη come to the Gentiles Gal 3:14; cp. 2 Cor 8:14 (s. περίσσευμα 1, ὑστέρημα 1).

ⓑ ἔκ τινος (Job 28:2): γ. ἐκ μέσου be removed, Lat. e medio tolli (cp. Ps.-Aeschin., Ep. 12, 6 ἐκ μέσου γενομένων ἐκείνων; Plut., Timol. 238 [5, 3]; Achilles Tat. 2, 27, 2) 2 Th 2:7 (HFulford, ET 23, 1912, 40f: ‘leave the scene’). Of a voice fr. heaven: ἐκ τ. οὐρανῶν γ. sound forth fr. heaven (2 Macc 2:21; cp. Da 4:31 Theod.) Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; 9:35; cp. vs. 36.

ⓒ ἐπί τι: ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον go to the tomb Lk 24:22; ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀναβαθμούς when he was at the steps Ac 21:35. Of fear that befalls someone (2 Macc 12:22) Lk 1:65; 4:36; Ac 5:5. Of ulcers: break out on someone Rv 16:2 (Ex 9:10f). Of divine commands: go out to someone Lk 3:2. ἐπί is somet. used w. the gen. (Appian, Liby. 93 §440; Alex. Aphr., Mixt. II 2 p. 213, 21) instead of the acc.: γενόμενος ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου when he had arrived at the place 22:40 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 327, 18 ἐπὶ τ. τόπων γινόμενος).—J 6:21.

ⓓ w. κατά and gen. of place: τὸ γενόμενον ῥῆμα καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας the message that has spread throughout all Judea Ac 10:37. W. acc. of place (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 15; Apollon. Paradox. 3 κατὰ τόπους γ.; Jos., Ant. I, 174; cp. 2 Macc 9:8): γενόμενος κατὰ τὸν τόπον Lk 10:32; γενόμενοι κατὰ τὴν Κνίδον Ac 27:7.

ⓔ w. πρός and acc. of the direction and goal (PLond III, 962, 1 p. 210 [III A.D.] γενοῦ πρὸς Ἄταϊν τὸν ποιμένα; PFlor 180, 45) 1 Cor 2:3; 2J 12. Of divine instructions be given to someone (Gen 15:1, 4; Jer 1:2, 11; 13:8; Ezk 6:1; Hos 1:1; cp. ἐπί w. acc.) J 10:35; Ac 7:31 v.l.; 10:13; 13:32.

ⓕ w. σύν and the dat. join someone (X., Cyr. 5, 3, 8; 2 Macc 13:13) Lk 2:13.

ⓖ w. ἐγγύς (X., An. 1, 8, 8, Cyr. 7, 1, 7; cp. γίν. πλησίον Philo, Mos. 1, 228; Jos., Ant. 4, 40): ἐγγὺς τοῦ πλοίου γίνεσθαι come close to the boat J 6:19. Fig. of the relation of believers to Christ: come near Eph 2:13.

ⓗ w. ὧδε come here J 6:25;

ⓘ ἔμπροσθέν τινος γ. J 1:15, 30 s. on ἔμπροσθεν 1bζ and ὀπίσω 2b.

⑦ to come into a certain state or possess certain characteristics, to be, prove to be, turn out to be (on relation to the forms of εἰμί [here and in 8–10] s. ALink, StKr 69, 1896, 420ff). Used w. the nom. (Wsd 16:3; Jdth 16:21; Sir 31:22; 1 Macc 3:58) γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι be prudent Mt 10:16. ἄκαρπος γίνεται 13:22; Mk 4:19.—W. other words: vs. 22; 9:50; Lk 1:2; 2:2; 6:36 and very oft. Freq. the dat. of advantage (dat. commodi) is added (1 Macc 10:47; 2 Macc 7:37; 4 Macc 6:28; 12:17): ἀγαπητόν τινι γ. be dear to someone 1 Th 2:8. ἀπρόσκοπον γ. τινι be inoffensive to someone 1 Cor 10:32; γ. τινι μαθητήν J 15:8; μισθαποδότην γ. τινι be a rewarder of someone Hb 11:6; γ. ὁδηγόν τινι Ac 1:16. Cp. παρηγορία, σημεῖον, τύπος.—γ. ὁμοθυμαδόν come together in unanimity or reach unanimity Ac 15:25.—τὶ γίνεταί τινί τι a thing results in someth. for someone τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγ. θάνατος; Ro 7:13. ἡ ἐξουσία πρόσκομμα τοῖς ἀσθενέσιν 1 Cor 8:9.—γίνομαι ὡς, ὥσπερ, ὡσεί τις (Ps 21:15; 31:9; 37:15; 82:11; 87:5 al.) be, become, show oneself like Mt 6:16; 10:25; 18:3; 28:4; Lk 22:26, 44; 1 Cor 4:13; 9:20f; Gal 4:12. καθὼς ἐγένετο … οὕτως ἔσται as it was … so it will be Lk 17:26, 28. οὐ χρὴ ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι this should not be so Js 3:10. ὁσίως καὶ δικαίως καὶ ἀμέμπτως ὑμῖν ἐγενήθημεν we proved/showed ourselves … toward you 1 Th 2:10.—In statements pert. to age (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 16 γεγονότα [sc. τὸν Πυθαγόραν] ἐτῶν τεσσαράκοντα; Demetr. of Phaleron [IV–III B.C.], Fgm. 153 Wehrli [’49]; Demetr: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 10, 50) ἐτῶν δώδεκα Lk 2:42; cp. 1 Ti 5:9.—Here prob. also belongs ἐγένετο γνώμης he decided Ac 20:3 (cp. Plut., Phoc. 752 [23, 4] ἐλπίδος μεγάλης γ.; Cass. Dio 61, 14 τ. ἐπιθυμίας γ.; Jos., Bell. 6, 287).

⑧ to be present at a given time, be there ([Ps.-]Jos., Ant. 18, 63) Mk 1:4; J 1:6, hence exist (Diod S 3, 52, 4 γέγονε γένη γυναικῶν=there have been nations of women; Appian, Maced. 18 §3 τὸ χρυσίον τὸ γιγνόμενον=the gold that was at hand; Bar 3:26; 2 Macc 10:24) Ro 11:5; 1J 2:18. ἐγένετο there lived Lk 1:5. ἔν τινι 2 Pt 2:1. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς Rv 16:18 (Da 12:1 Theod.).

⑨ to be closely related to someone or someth., belong to

ⓐ gen. of the possessor (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 79 §336 a slave γεγένητο Πομπηίου=had belonged to Pompey: B-D-F §162, 7) belong to someone Lk 20:14, 33 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 83 §350 γυνὴ Κράσσου γεγενημένη=who had been the wife of [the younger] Crassus).

ⓑ w. dat. of pers. belong to someone (PPetr II, 40b, 7 [277 B.C.]; O. Wilck II, 1530, 2f [120 B.C.] τὸ γινόμενόν μοι=what belongs to me) of a woman ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ Ro 7:3f (cp. Ruth 1:12f; Dt 24:2).

ⓒ w. prep. μετά τινος (Josh 2:19) Ac 9:19; 20:18. οἱ μετʼ αὐτοῦ γενόμενοι his intimate friends Mk 16:10. πρός τινα be w. someone 1 Cor 16:10 ( make him [Timothy] feel quite at home with you Mft.) ὑπό τινα be under the authority of someone or someth. (1 Macc 10:38) Gal 4:4.

ⓓ Here perh. belongs ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται it is not a matter of private interpretation 2 Pt 1:20.

⑩ to be in or at a place, be in, be there

ⓐ ἔν τινι to designate one’s present or future place of residence (X., An. 4, 3, 29; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 4 §15 Ἀντώνιος ἐν Ἐφέσῳ γενόμενος; Aelian, VH 4, 15; Herodian 2, 2, 5; POxy 283, 11; 709, 6 ἐν Μένφει γενόμενος; PTebt 416, 3; BGU 731 II, 6 ἐν οἰκίᾳ μου; Num 11:35; Judg 17:4; 1 Ch 14:17; Jdth 5:7 al. Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 18 Jac.) Mt 26:6; Mk 9:33; Ac 7:38; 13:5; 2 Ti 1:17; Rv 1:9; AcPl Ha 7, 23.

ⓑ w. adv.: ἐκεῖ (X., An. 6, 5, 20; 3 Km 8:8 v.l.; Jos., Ant. 10, 180) Ac 19:21. κατὰ μόνας Mk 4:10.—B. 637. DELG s.v. γίγνομαι. M-M. TW.

κόσμος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)

① that which serves to beautify through decoration, adornment, adorning (Hom.+; Diod S 20, 4, 5 τῶν γυναικῶν τὸν κόσμον; OGI 531, 13; SIG 850, 10; IMaronIsis 41; PEleph 1, 4; PSI 240, 12 γυναικεῖον κόσμον; LXX; TestJud 12:1; JosAs 2:6 al.; Philo, Migr. Abr. 97 γυναικῶν κ.; Jos., Ant. 1, 250; 15, 5; Just., A II, 11, 4f) of women’s attire, etc. ὁ ἔξωθεν … κόσμος external adorning 1 Pt 3:3 (Vi. Hom. 4 of the inward adornment of a woman, beside σωφροσύνη; Crates, Ep. 9; Pythag., Ep. 11, 1; Plut., Mor. 141e; on the topic of external adornment cp. SIG 736, 15–26).

② condition of orderliness, orderly arrangement, order (Hom. et al.; s. HDiller, Die vorphilosophische Gebrauch von κ. und κοσμεῖν: BSnell Festschr., ’56, 47–60) μετὰ κόσμου in order Dg 12:9 (text uncertain; s. μετακόσμιος).

③ the sum total of everything here and now, the world, the (orderly) universe, in philosophical usage (so, acc. to Plut., Mor. 886b, as early as Pythagoras; certainly Heraclitus, Fgm. 66; Pla., Gorg. 508a, Phdr. 246c; Chrysipp., Fgm. 527 v. Arnim κόσμος σύστημα ἐξ οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς καὶ τῶν ἐν τούτοις περιεχομένων φύσεων. Likew. Posidonius in Diog. L. 7, 138; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2 p. 391b, 9ff; 2 and 4 Macc; Wsd; EpArist 254; Philo, Aet. M. 4; Jos., Ant. 1, 21; Test12Patr; SibOr 7, 123; AssMos Fgm. b Denis [=Tromp p. 272]; Just., A I, 20, 2 al.; Ath. 19, 2 al.; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 68, 14; Did., Gen. 36, 7; 137, 13.—The other philosoph. usage, in which κ. denotes the heaven in contrast to the earth, is prob. without mng. for our lit. [unless perh. Phil 2:15 κ.=‘sky’?]). ἡ ἀέναος τοῦ κ. σύστασις the everlasting constitution of the universe 1 Cl 60:1 (cp. OGI 56, 48 εἰς τὸν ἀέναον κ.). Sustained by four elements Hv 3, 13, 3. πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κ. εἶναι before the world existed J 17:5. ἀπὸ καταβολῆς [κόσμου] from the beginning of the world Mt 13:35; 25:34; Lk 11:50; Hb 4:3; 9:26; Rv 13:8; 17:8. Also ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς κ. Mt 24:21 or ἀπὸ κτίσεως κ. Ro 1:20.—B 5:5 ἀπὸ καταβ. κ. evidently means at the foundation of the world (s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.). πρὸ καταβολῆς κ. before the foundation of the world J 17:24; Eph 1:4; 1 Pt 1:20 (on the uses w. καταβολή s. that word, 1). οὐδὲν εἴδωλον ἐν κ. no idol has any real existence in the universe (Twentieth Century NT) 1 Cor 8:4. Of the creation in its entirety 3:22. ὁ κόσμος ὅλος = πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις (Sallust. 21 p. 36, 13; TestSol 5:7; TestJob 33:4) Hs 9, 2, 1; 9, 14, 5. φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ stars in the universe Phil 2:15 (s. above). Esp. of the universe as created by God (Epict 4, 7, 6 ὁ θεὸς πάντα πεποίηκεν, τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν κόσμον ὅλον; Wsd 9:9; 2 Macc 7:23 ὁ τοῦ κ. κτίστης; 4 Macc 5:25; Just., A I, 59, 1 al.; Ath. 8, 2 al.) ὁ ποιήσας τὸν κ. who has made the world Ac 17:24. ὁ κτίστης τοῦ σύμπαντος κ. 1 Cl 19:2; ὁ κτίσας τὸν κ. Hv 1, 3, 4; cp. m 12, 4, 2. ὁ τοῦ παντὸς κ. κυριεύων B 21:5. οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15. Christ is called παντὸς τοῦ κ. κύριος 5:5; and the κ. owes its origin to his agency J 1:10b. The world was created for the sake of the church Hv 2, 4, 1.—The universe, as the greatest space conceivable, is not able to contain someth. (Philo, Ebr. 32) J 21:25.

④ the sum total of all beings above the level of the animals, the world, as θέατρον ἐγενήθημεν (i.e. οἱ ἀπόστολοι) τῷ κόσμῳ καὶ ἀγγέλοις καὶ ἀνθρώποις 1 Cor 4:9. Here the world is divided into angels and humans (cp. the Stoic definition of the κόσμος in Stob., Ecl. I p. 184, 8 τὸ ἐκ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων σύστημα; likew. Epict 1, 9, 4.—Acc. to Ocellus Luc. 37, end, the κ. consists of the sphere of the divine beyond the moon and the sphere of the earthly on this side of the moon).

⑤ planet earth as a place of inhabitation, the world (SIG 814, 31 [67 A.D.] Nero, ὁ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου κύριος; the meaning of the birthday of Augustus for the world OGI 458, 40 [=IPriene 105]; 2 Macc 3:12; Jos., Ant. 9, 241; 10, 205; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 68)

ⓐ gener. Mk 16:15. τὰς βασιλείας τοῦ κ. Mt 4:8; ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κ. 26:13. Cp. 13:38 (cp. Hs 5, 5, 2); Mk 14:9; Hs 9, 25, 2. τὸ φῶς τοῦ κ. τούτου the light of this world (the sun) J 11:9. In rhetorical exaggeration ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν καταγγέλλεται ἐν ὅλῳ τ. κόσμῳ Ro 1:8 (cp. the Egypt. grave ins APF 5, 1913, 169 no. 24, 8 ὧν ἡ σωφροσύνη κατὰ τὸν κ. λελάληται). Abraham as κληρονόμος κόσμου heir of the world 4:13.—Cp. 1 Cor 14:10; Col 1:6. ἡ ἐν τῷ κ. ἀδελφότης the brotherhood in the (whole) world 1 Pt 5:9. ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κ. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν our Lord has assumed the sovereignty of the world Rv 11:15. τὰ ἔθνη τοῦ κ. (not LXX, but prob. rabbinic אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם=humankind apart fr. Israel; Billerb. II 191; Dalman, Worte 144f) the unconverted in the world Lk 12:30. In this line of development, κόσμος alone serves to designate the polytheistic unconverted world Ro 11:12, 15.—Other worlds (lands) beyond the ocean 1 Cl 20:8.—Many of these pass. bear the connotation of

ⓑ the world as the habitation of humanity (as SibOr 1, 160). So also Hs 9, 17, 1f. εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὸν κ. of entrance into the world by being born 1 Cl 38:3. ἐκ τοῦ κ. ἐξελθεῖν leave this present world (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 5 ἔξω τ. κόσμου φεύγειν; s. ἐξέρχομαι 5; cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 16, 7) 1 Cor 5:10b; 2 Cl 8:3. γεννηθῆναι εἰς τὸν κ. be born into the world J 16:21. ἕως ἐσμὲν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ κ. 2 Cl 8:2. οὐδὲν εἰσφέρειν εἰς τὸν κ. (Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 294 τὸν μηδὲν εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσενηνοχότα) 1 Ti 6:7 (Pol 4:1). πολλοὶ πλάνοι ἐξῆλθον εἰς τὸν κ. 2J 7.—ἐν τῷ κόσμω τούτῳ J 12:25 (κ. need not here be understood as an entity hostile to God, but the transition to the nuance in 7b, below, is signalled by the term that follows: ζωὴν αἰώνιον). ἵνα εἰς κόσμον προέλθῃ AcPlCor 2:6.

ⓒ earth, world in contrast to heaven (Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 59; Iren., 1, 4, 2 [Harv. I 35, 5]; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 15, 24) ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ τούτῳ 2 Cl 19:3.—Esp. when mention is made of the preexistent Christ, who came fr. another world into the κόσμος. So, above all, in John (Bultmann, index I κόσμος) ἔρχεσθαι εἰς τὸν κ. (τοῦτον) J 6:14; 9:39; 11:27; 16:28a; 18:37; specif. also come into the world as light 12:46; cp. 1:9; 3:19. Sending of Jesus into the world 3:17a; 10:36; 17:18; 1J 4:9. His εἶναι ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ J 1:10a; 9:5a; 17:12 v.l. Leaving the world and returning to the Father 13:1a; 16:28b. Cp. 14:19; 17:11a. His kingship is not ἐκ τοῦ κ. τούτου of this world i.e. not derived from the world or conditioned by its terms and evaluations 18:36ab.—Also Χρ. Ἰησοῦς ἦλθεν εἰς τ. κόσμον 1 Ti 1:15; cp. ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ (opp. ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ) 3:16.—εἰσερχόμενος εἰς τὸν κ. Hb 10:5.

ⓓ the world outside in contrast to one’s home PtK 3 p. 15, 13; 19.

⑥ humanity in general, the world (TestAbr B 8 p. 113, 11 [Stone p. 74]; ApcEsdr 3:6 p. 27, 14; SibOr 1, 189; Just., A I, 39, 3 al.)

ⓐ gener. οὐαὶ τῷ κ. ἀπὸ τῶν σκανδάλων woe to humankind because of the things that cause people to sin Mt 18:7; τὸ φῶς τοῦ κ. the light for humanity 5:14; cp. J 8:12; 9:5. ὁ σωτὴρ τοῦ κ. 4:42; 1J 4:14 (this designation is found in inscriptions, esp. oft. of Hadrian [WWeber, Untersuchungen z. Geschichte des Kaisers Hadrianus 1907, 225; 226; 229]).—J 1:29; 3:17b; 17:6.—κρίνειν τὸν κ. (SibOr 4, 184; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 11 [Stone p. 32]; ApcMos 37) of God, Christ J 12:47a; Ro 3:6; B 4:12; cp. Ro 3:19. Of believers 1 Cor 6:2ab (cp. Sallust. 21 p. 36, 13 the souls of the virtuous, together w. the gods, will rule the whole κόσμος). Of Noah διʼ ἧς (sc. πίστεως) κατέκρινεν τὸν κ. Hb 11:7. ἡ ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κ. εἰσῆλθεν Ro 5:12; likew. θάνατος εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν κ. 1 Cl 3:4 (Wsd 2:24; 14:14). Cp. Ro 5:13; 1 Cor 1:27f. περικαθάρματα τοῦ κ. the refuse of humanity 4:13. Of persons before conversion ἄθεοι ἐν τῷ κ. Eph 2:12.—2 Cor 1:12; 5:19; Js 2:5; 1J 2:2; 4:1, 3. ἀρχαῖος κόσμος the people of the ancient world 2 Pt 2:5a; cp. vs. 5b; 3:6. Of pers. of exceptional merit: ὧν οὐκ ἦν ἄξιος ὁ κ. of whom the world was not worthy Hb 11:38.—ὅλος ὁ κ. all the world, everybody Ac 2:47 D; 1 Cl 5:7; cp. ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κ. 59:2; εἰς ὅλον τὸν κ. Hs 8, 3, 2. Likew. ὁ κόσμος (cp. Philo, De Prov. in Eus., PE 8, 14, 58) ὁ κ. ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ ἀπῆλθεν J 12:19. ταῦτα λαλῶ εἰς τὸν κ. 8:26; ἐν τῷ κ. 17:13; ἐγὼ παρρησίᾳ λελάληκα τῷ κ. 18:20; cp. 7:4; 14:22. ἵνα γνῷ ὁ κ. 14:31; cp. 17:23; ἵνα ὁ κ. πιστεύῃ 17:21.

ⓑ of all humanity, but especially of believers, as the object of God’s love J 3:16, 17c; 6:33, 51; 12:47b.

⑦ the system of human existence in its many aspects, the world

ⓐ as scene of earthly joys, possessions, cares, sufferings (cp. 4 Macc 8:23) τὸν κ. ὅλον κερδῆσαι gain the whole world Mt 16:26; Mk 8:36; Lk 9:25; 2 Cl 6:2 (cp. Procop. Soph., Ep. 137 the whole οἰκουμένη is an unimportant possession compared to ἀρετή). τὰ τερπνὰ τοῦ κ. the delightful things in the world IRo 6:1. οἱ χρώμενοι τὸν κ. ὡς μὴ καταχρώμενοι those who use the world as though they had no use of it or those who deal with the world as having made no deals with it 1 Cor 7:31a. ἔχειν τὸν βίον τοῦ κ. possess worldly goods 1J 3:17. τὰ τοῦ κόσμου the affairs of the world 1 Cor 7:33f; cp. 1J 2:15f. The latter pass. forms an easy transition to the large number of exprs. (esp. in Paul and John) in which

ⓑ the world, and everything that belongs to it, appears as that which is hostile to God, i.e. lost in sin, wholly at odds w. anything divine, ruined and depraved (Herm. Wr. 6, 4 [the κόσμος is τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς κακίας]; 13, 1 [ἡ τοῦ κ. ἀπάτη], in Stob. p. 428, 24 Sc.; En 48:7; TestIss 4:6; AscIs 3:25; Hdb., exc. on J 1:10; Bultmann ad loc.—cp. Sotades Maronita [III B.C.] 11 Diehl: the κόσμος is unjust and hostile to great men) IMg 5:2; IRo 2:2. ὁ κόσμος οὗτος this world (in contrast to the heavenly realm) J 8:23; 12:25, 31a; 13:1; 16:11; 18:36; 1J 4:17; 1 Cor 3:19; 5:10a; 7:31b; Hv 4, 3, 2ff; D 10:6; 2 Cl 5:1, 5; (opp. ὁ ἅγιος αἰών) B 10:11. ‘This world’ is ruled by the ἄρχων τοῦ κ. τούτου the prince of this world, the devil J 12:31b; 16:11; without τούτου 14:30. Cp. ὁ κ. ὅλος ἐν τῷ πονηρῷ κεῖται the whole world lies in the power of the evil one 1J 5:19; cp. 4:4; also ὁ αἰὼν τοῦ κ. τούτου Eph 2:2 (s. αἰών 4).—Christians must have nothing to do with this world of sin and separation fr. God: instead of desiring it IRo 7:1, one is to ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κ. keep oneself untainted by the world Js 1:27. ἀποφεύγειν τὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κ. 2 Pt 2:20; cp. 1:4 (s. ἀποφεύγω 1).—Pol 5:3. ἡ φιλία τοῦ κ. ἔχθρα τ. θεοῦ ἐστιν Js 4:4a; cp. vs. 4b. When such an attitude is taken Christians are naturally hated by the world IRo 3:3; J 15:18, 19ad; 17:14a; 1J 3:13, as their Lord was hated J 7:7; 15:18; cp. 1:10c; 14:17; 16:20.—Also in Paul: God and world in opposition τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ κ. and τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἐκ θεοῦ the spirit of the world and the spirit that comes fr. God 1 Cor 2:12; σοφία τοῦ κ. and σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ 1:20f. ἡ κατὰ θεὸν λύπη and ἡ τοῦ κ. λύπη godly grief and worldly grief 2 Cor 7:10. The world is condemned by God 1 Cor 11:32; yet also the object of the divine plan of salvation 2 Cor 5:19; cp. 1 Cl 7:4; 9:4. A Christian is dead as far as this world is concerned: διʼ οὗ (i.e. Ἰ. Χρ.) ἐμοὶ κ. ἐσταύρωται κἀγὼ κόσμῳ through Christ the world has been crucified for me, and I have been (crucified) to the world Gal 6:14; cp. the question τί ὡς ζῶντες ἐν κ. δογματίζεσθε; Col 2:20b. For στοιχεῖα τοῦ κ. Gal 4:3; Col 2:8, 20a s. στοιχεῖον.—The use of κ. in this sense is even further developed in John. The κ. stands in opposition to God 1J 2:15f and hence is incapable of knowing God J 17:25; cp. 1J 4:5, and excluded fr. Christ’s intercession J 17:9; its views refuted by the Paraclete 16:8. Neither Christ himself 17:14c, 16b; 14:27, nor his own 15:19b; 17:14b, 16a; 1J 3:1 belong in any way to the ‘world’. Rather Christ has chosen them ‘out of the world’ J 15:19c, even though for the present they must still live ‘in the world’ 17:11b; cp. 13:1b; 17:15, 18b. All the trouble that they must undergo because of this, 16:33a, means nothing compared w. the victorious conviction that Christ (and the believers w. him) has overcome ‘the world’ vs. 33b; 1J 5:4f, and that it is doomed to pass away 2:17 (TestJob 33:4; Kephal. I 154, 21: the κόσμος τῆς σαρκός will pass away).

⑧ collective aspect of an entity, totality, sum total (SIG 850, 10 τὸν κόσμον τῶν ἔργων (but s. 1 above); Pr 17:6a) ὁ κ. τῆς ἀδικίας ἡ γλῶσσα καθίσταται the tongue becomes (or proves to be) the sum total of iniquity Js 3:6 (so, approx., Meinertz; FHauck.—MDibelius, Windisch and ASchlatter find mng. 7b here, whereas ACarr, Exp. 7th ser., 8, 1909, 318ff thinks of mng. 1). Χρ. τὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου τῶν σῳζομένων σωτηρίας παθόντα Christ, who suffered or died (s. πάσχω 3aα) for the salvation of the sum total of those who are saved MPol 17:2.—FBytomski, D. genet. Entwicklung des Begriffes κόσμος in d. Hl. Schrift: Jahrb. für Philos. und spekul. Theol. 25, 1911, 180–201; 389–413 (only the OT); CSchneider, Pls u. d. Welt: Αγγελος IV ’32, 11–47; EvSchrenck, Der Kosmos-Begriff bei Joh.: Mitteilungen u. Nachrichten f. d. evang. Kirche in Russland 51, 1895, 1–29; RLöwe, Kosmos u. Aion ’35; RBultmann, D. Verständnis v. Welt u. Mensch im NT u. im Griechentum: ThBl 19, ’40, 1–14; GBornkamm, Christus u. die Welt in der urchr. Botschaft: ZTK 47, ’50, 212–26; ALesky, Kosmos ’63; RVölkl, Christ u. Welt nach dem NT ’61; GJohnston, οἰκουμένη and κ. in the NT: NTS 10, ’64, 352–60; NCassem, ibid. 19, ’72/73, 81–91; RBratcher, BT 31, ’80, 430–34.—B. 13; 440. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `bring', resultative (Att., Pi., B., Hp.),

Other forms: ἐνέγκαι Aor.

Compounds: often with prefix: ἀπ-, εἰσ-, ἐξ-, κατ-, προσ- etc.; aor. pass. ἐνεχθῆναι with fut. ἐνεχθήσομαι, perf. act. ἐνήνοχα, med. ἐνήνεγμαι; as present there is φέρω, as fut. οἴσω. As 2. member with comp. lengthening in δι-, δουρ-, ποδηνεκής etc. (s. vv. and δόρυ).

Derivatives: verbal noun ὄγκος s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [316] *h₁neḱ- `bring', [??] *h₂neḱ- `attain, reach'

Etymology: ἐνέγκαι is an innovation after ἐνεῖκαι (s. v.). Beside ἐγκ- (*h₁nḱ-) there is ἐνεκ- (*h₁neḱ-); with ο-ablaut, Attic reduplication and aspiration ἐν-ήνοχ-α \< *h₁ne-h₁noḱ- (only ο-grade in κατ-ήνοκα H.). Cross of ἐγκ- and ἐνεκ- gave ἐν-ήνεγκται; further influence of ἐνεῖκαι resulted in ἐν-ήνειγκ-ται, ἤνειγκαν a. o. (Att. inscr.). - No exact parallels. IE enḱ-, onḱ- in reduplicated Skt. perf. ān-ámś-a `I have attained' (*h₁e-h₁neḱ-). More widespread is h₁neḱ-, h₁noḱ-: e. g. Lith. neš-ù, OCS nes-ǫ `I bring', and in several verbs for `attain'; e. g. Skt. náśati `attains' (cf K. Hoffmann, Münch. Stud. 2 [new impression] 121ff.), in Germ., e. g. Goth. ga-nah `ἀρκεῖ, it reaches = suffices'. With zero grade (IE *h₁n̥ḱ-) Skt. aś-nó-ti `reaches'. Prob. also Arm. has-anem, aor. has-i `reach'. Further one compares: Hitt. ninink- `raise' (to Lith. -ninkù, -nìkti, Benveniste BSL 50, 40), with nakkiš `heavy', Toch. B eṅk-, A ents- `take'; not here Hitt. ḫink- `hand over, reach'. - W.-Hofmann s. nanciō; Fraenkel Lexis 2, 186. Greek details Schwyzer 647, 744f., 766. - An extra problem is provided by Celtic, e. g. OIr. t-ānac `I came', which must be from another root with h₂-, *h₂e-h₂noḱ-. First distinguished by Kuiper, Nasalpräs. 50). Here perh. also διᾱνεκής. Here also Lat. na-n-c-īscor (nasal present), nactus sum `attain'. - Most difficult is the aorist ἐνεγκεῖν. The development of a form *h₁ne-h₁n̥ḱ-o- is unknown (*ἐνεακο-?? the form would loose its nasal); Beekes, MSS 38, 1979, 18ff. Cowgill operated with a root *Hnenḱ-, Evid. for Laryngeals, 154, n. 22.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `hear, understand, obey' (Il.), also (with εὖ, κακῶς) `have the name' (trag.) (Hes. Op. 726)

Other forms: Aor. ἔκλυον (Il.), athematic forms: ipv. κλῦθι, - τε (Hom., Pi., trag.), κέκλυθι, - τε (Hom.), also κέκλῠκε (Epich. 190; s. below), ptc. κλῠ́μενος `famous' (Antim., Theoc.), usu. PN Κλύμενος, Κλυμένη (Hom.).

Compounds: rarely with prefix as ἐπι-, ὑπο-,

Derivatives: κλυτός m., also f. (s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 32 n. 5) `famous' (Il.), often as 1. member, e. g. κλυτό-τοξος `with famous bow' (of Apollon), κλυτό-πωλος `with famous foals' (of Hades; cf. Thieme Studien 48ff.); also Κλυται-μήστρα, - ρη (Il.), with 2. member to μήστωρ, 1. member reshaped after Κραται-, Παλαι- a. o.; Schwyzer 448, Sommer Nominalkomp. 147 w. n. 1. - With other ablaut κλειτός `famous' (Hom., Pi.) from *κλεϜετός; s. below.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [605] *ḱleu- `hear'

Etymology: The thematic root-aorist ἔκλυον, to which the present κλύω is an innovation, agrees with Skt. aorist śruvam, grew like this from an older athematic aorist, which can still be seen in ipv. κλῦθι, - τε and the ptc. κλύμενος. To κλῦθι (in Hom. alway at verse beginning), with metrical lengthening for *κλύ-θι, Skt. śru-dhi is an exact comparandum; an innovation is κλῦτε (not for *κλεῦ-τε = Skt. śró-ta (details in Schwyzer 800 n. 6). Reduplicated κέ-κλυ-θι, - τε can be an innovation after τέ-τλᾰ-θι a. o. (s. on ἱλάσκομαι; diff. Schwyzer 804 with Schulze Q. 391ff.); on the hapax κέκλυκε (Epich.) ibd. 799 n. 2. - κλυτός too has agreements outside Greek, in several languages, e. g. Skt. śrutá- `heard', Lat. in-clutus `famous', Arm. lu `known', OIr. cloth n. `fame', IE. *ḱlŭ-tó-; (not here Germ., e. g. OHG hlūt `loud'). - The full grade eu can be seen in the athematic root-aorist, Skt. á-śrav-am, 3. sg. á-śro-t ; here *κλεϜετός \> κλειτός (cf. Schwyzer 502) and the old verbal noun κλέ(Ϝ)ος, s. v. - The other languages present many forms, e. g. the old nu-present in Skt. śr̥-ṇó-ti, Av. surunaoiti; note Lat. cluēre `be called'. Further there is the denominative κλέω `celebrate, praise', s. κλέος. - More forms Pok. 605ff., W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. clueō, Feist Vgl. Wb. d. got. Spr. s. hliuma.

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παραβολή, ῆς, ἡ (παραβάλλω; Pla., Isocr.+; ins, pap, LXX; En; TestSol 20:4; Just.; Mel., P.—JWackernagel, Parabola: IndogF 31, 1912/13, 262–67)

① someth. that serves as a model or example pointing beyond itself for later realization, type, figure παραβολὴ εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τὸν ἐνεστηκότα a symbol (pointing) to the present age Hb 9:9. ἐν παραβολῇ as a type (of the violent death and of the resurrection of Christ) 11:19. λέγει ὁ προφήτης παραβολὴν κυρίου B 6:10, where the mng. may be the prophet is uttering a parable of the Lord (Goodsp.), or the prophet speaks of the Lord in figurative language (Kleist), or the prophet speaks in figurative language given him by the Lord. W. αἴνιγμα PtK 4 p. 15, 31. The things of the present or future cannot be understood by the ordinary Christian διὰ τὸ ἐν παραβολαῖς κεῖσθαι because they are expressed in figures B 17:2.

② a narrative or saying of varying length, designed to illustrate a truth especially through comparison or simile, comparison, illustration, parable, proverb, maxim.

ⓐ in the synoptics the word refers to a variety of illustrative formulations in the teaching of Jesus (in Mt 17 times, in Mk 13 times, in Lk 18 times; cp. Euclides [400 B.C.] who, acc. to Diog. L. 2, 107, rejected ὁ διὰ παραβολῆς λόγος; Aristot., Rhet. 2, 20, 2ff; Περὶ ὕψους 37; Vi. Aesopi II p. 307, 15 Eb.; Biogr. p. 87 Ὁμήρου παραβολαί; Philo, Conf. Lingu. 99; Jos., Ant. 8, 44. The Gk. OT also used παραβολή for various words and expressions that involve comparison, including riddles [s. Jülicher below: I² 32–40].—En 1:2; 3. Cp. π. κυριακαί Iren. 1, 8, 1 [Harv I 67, 1]). For prob. OT influence on the use of comparison in narrative s. Ezk 17. λέγειν, εἰπεῖν παραβολήν: Lk 13:6; 16:19 D; 19:11 (begins the longest ‘parable’ in the synoptics: 17 verses). τινί to someone 4:23 (the briefest ‘parable’: 3 words; here and in the next passage π.=proverb, quoted by Jesus); 6:39; 18:1; 21:29. πρός τινα to someone 5:36; 12:16, 41; 14:7; 15:3; 18:9; 20:9; with reference to someone Mk 12:12; Lk 20:19. παραβολὴν λαλεῖν τινι Mt 13:33. παραβολὴν παρατιθέναι τινί put a parable before someone vss. 24, 31. τελεῖν τὰς παραβολάς finish the parables vs. 53. διασαφεῖν (v.l. φράζειν) τινι τὴν παραβολήν vs. 36. φράζειν τινὶ τὴν παρ. explain the parable 15:15. ἀκούειν Mt 13:18; 21:33, 45. γνῶναι and εἰδέναι understand Mk 4:13b et al. μαθεῖν τὴν παρ. ἀπό τινος learn the parable from someth. Mt 24:32; Mk 13:28. (ἐπ)ἐρωτᾶν τινα τὴν παρ. ask someone the mng. of the parable Mk 7:17 (in ref. to vs. 15); cp. 4:10. Also ἐπερωτᾶν τινα περὶ τῆς παρ. 7:17 v.l.; ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν τίς εἴη ἡ παρ. they asked him what the parable meant Lk 8:9; the answer to it: ἔστιν δὲ αὕτη ἡ παρ. but the parable means this vs. 11.—παραβολαῖς λαλεῖν τινί τι Mk 4:33. W. the gen. of that which forms the subj. of the parable ἡ παρ. τοῦ σπείραντος Mt 13:18. τῶν ζιζανίων vs. 36 (cp. ἡ περὶ τοῦ … τελώνου παρ. Orig., C. Cels. 3, 64, 11).—W. a prep.: εἶπεν διὰ παραβολῆς Lk 8:4 (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 5, 11).—χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς Mt 13:34b; Mk 4:34.—Mostly ἐν: τιθέναι τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν παραβολῇ present the Reign of God in a parable vs. 30. ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖν τινι Mt 13:10, 13; Mk 12:1. ἐν παραβολαῖς λέγειν τινί Mt 22:1; Mk 3:23. λαλεῖν τινί τι ἐν παραβολαῖς Mt 13:3, 34a. διδάσκειν τινά τι ἐν παραβολαῖς Mk 4:2. ἀνοίξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὸ στόμα μου Mt 13:35 (Ps 77:2). γίνεταί τινί τι ἐν παραβολαῖς someth. comes to someone in the form of parables Mk 4:11; cp. Lk 8:10. According to Eus. (3, 39, 11), Papias presented some unusual parables of the Savior, i.e. ascribed to Jesus: Papias (2:11).—AJülicher, Die Gleichnisreden Jesu I² 1899; II 1899 [the older lit. is given here I 203–322]; GHeinrici, RE VI 688–703, XXIII 561f; CBugge, Die Hauptparabeln Jesu 1903; PFiebig, Altjüdische Gleichnisse und d. Gleichnisse Jesu 1904, D. Gleichnisse Jesu im Lichte der rabb. Gleich. 1912, D. Erzählungsstil der Ev. 1925; LFonck, Die Parabeln des Herrn³ 1909 (w. much lit. on the individual parables), The Parables of the Gospel³ 1918; JKögel, BFCT XIX 6, 1915; MMeinertz, Die Gleichnisse Jesu 1916; 4th ed. ’48; HWeinel, Die Gleichnisse Jesu⁵ 1929; RBultmann, D. Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition² ’31, 179–222; MDibelius, D. Formgeschichte des Ev.² 33; EBuonaiuti, Le parabole di Gesù: Religio 10–13, ’34–37; WOesterly, The Gospel Parables in the Light of Their Jewish Background ’36; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 267–85; CDodd, The Parables of the Kgdm.³ ’36; BSmith, The Par. of the Syn. Gosp. ’37; WMichaelis, Es ging e. Sämann aus. zu säen ’38; OPiper, The Understanding of the Syn. Par.: EvQ 14, ’42, 42–53; CMasson, Les Paraboles de Marc IV ’45; JJeremias, D. Gleichn. Jesu⁴ ’56 (Eng. tr. ’55); ELinnemann, Jesus of the Parables, tr. JSturdy, ’66; AWeiser, D. Knechtsgleichnisse der synopt. Evv. ’71; JKingsbury, The Parables of Jesus in Mt 13, ’69; FDanker, Fresh Persp. on Mt, CTM 41, ’70, 478–90; JKingsbury, ibid. 42, ’71, 579–96; TManson, The Teaching of Jesus, ’55, 57–86; JSider, Biblica 62, ’81, 453–70 (synoptists); ECuvillier, Le concept de ΠΑΡΑΒΟΛΗ dans le second évangile ’93.

ⓑ Apart fr. the Syn. gospels, παρ. is found in our lit. freq. in Hermas (as heading: Hs 1:1; 2:1; 3:1; 4:1; 5:1; [6:1; 7:1; 8:1]) but not independently of the synoptic tradition. Hermas uses παρ. only once to designate a real illustrative (double) parable, in m 11:18. Elsewh παρ. is for Hermas an enigmatic presentation that is somet. seen in a vision, somet. expressed in words, but in any case is in need of detailed interpretation: w. gen. of content (s. a above) τοῦ πύργου about the tower Hv 3, 3, 2. τοῦ ἀγροῦ about the field Hs 5, 4, 1. τῶν ὀρέων 9, 29, 4. δηλοῦν τὴν παραβολήν 5, 4, 1a. παρ. ἐστιν ταῦτα 5, 4, 1b. ἀκούειν τὴν παραβολήν v 3, 3, 2; 3, 12, 1; Hs 5, 2, 1. παραβολὰς λαλεῖν τινι 5, 4, 2a. τὰ ῥήματα τὰ λεγόμενα διὰ παραβολῶν 5, 4, 3b; γράφειν τὰς παρ. v 5:5f; Hs 9, 1, 1; συνιέναι τὰς παρ. m 10, 1, 3. γινώσκειν Hs 5, 3, 1a; 9, 5, 5. νοεῖν m 10, 1, 4; Hs 5, 3, 1b. ἐπιλύειν τινὶ παρ. 5, 3, 1c; 5, 4, 2b; 3a. συντελεῖν 9, 29, 4. ἡ ἐπίλυσις τῆς παρ. explanation, interpretation of the parable 5, 6, 8; αἱ ἐπιλύσεις τῶν παρ. 5, 5, 1. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς δούλου τρόπον κεῖται ἐν τῇ παρ. the Son of God appears in the parable as a slave 5, 5, 5. ἡ παρ. εἰς τοὺς δούλους τοῦ θεοῦ κεῖται the par. refers to the slaves of God 2:4.—S. also the headings to the various parts of the third division of Hermas (the Parables) and on Hermas gener. s. Jülicher, op. cit. I 204–209.—εἰ δὲ δεῖ ἡμᾶς καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν σπερμάτων μὴ ποιεῖσθαι τὴν παρ. but if we are not to draw our comparison from the (action of) the seeds AcPlCor 2:28.—BScott, Profiles of Jesus, Parables: The Fourth R 10, ’97, 3–14.—B. 1262. DELG s.v. βάλλω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

νῦν adv. of time (Hom.+) ‘now’

① temporal marker with focus on the moment as such, now

ⓐ of time coextensive with the event of the narrative now, at the present time, w. focus on the immediate present, designating both a point of time as well as its extent.

α. without definite article. The verbs w. which it is used are found

א. in the pres. Lk 16:25; J 4:18; 9:21; 16:29; Ac 7:4; 2 Cor 13:2; Gal 1:23; 1 Pt 3:21; 1J 3:2 and oft.

ב. in the perf., when it has pres. mng. ἔρχεται ὥρα καὶ ν. ἐλήλυθεν it is now here J 16:32 v.l.; ν. ἐγνώκαμεν now we know 8:52; cp. 17:7. ν. οἶδα Ac 12:11. ν. ἡ ψυχή μου τετάρακται J 12:27. Cp. 1J 2:18.

ג. in the aor., mostly in contrast to the past, denoting that an action or condition is beginning in the present: νῦν ἐδοξάσθη ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου now the glorification of the Human One has begun J 13:31. ν. τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἐλάβομεν we have now entered into the reconciliation Ro 5:11. οὗτοι ν. ἠπείθησαν they have now become disobedient 11:31. ν. ἀπεκαλύφθη τοῖς ἁγίοις ἀποστόλοις now it has been revealed to the holy apostles Eph 3:5; cp. vs. 10; 2 Ti 1:10. ἃ ν. ἀνηγγέλη ὑμῖν that which is now proclaimed to you 1 Pt 1:12. Cp. Ro 5:9; 16:26; 1 Pt 2:10b, 25.—More rarely in contrast to the future: οὐ δύνασαί μοι νῦν ἀκολουθῆσαι, ἀκολουθήσεις δὲ ὕστερον J 13:36 (νῦν … ὕστερον as Jos., Ant. 4, 295). ἵνα ν. ἔλθῃ• ἐλεύσεται δέ 1 Cor 16:12. ἐὰν μὴ λάβῃ … ν., explained by ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τούτῳ Mk 10:30.

ד. in the impv., to denote that the order or request is to be complied w. at once; ν. comes after the impv. (B-D-F §474, 3; before the impv.: TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 24 [Stone p. 14] νῦν θέασαι): καταβάτω ν. ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ now let him come down from the cross Mt 27:42; Mk 15:32. ῥυσάσθω ν. let (God) deliver him Mt 27:43. ἀντλήσατε ν. now draw some out J 2:8.

β. with the definite art.

א. as an adj. ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν the present (X., An. 6, 6, 13 ὁ νῦν χρόνος; Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 55 ὁ νῦν κόσμος; PAmh 68, 66 ὁ νῦν στρατηγός; BGU 19, 5; GrBar 4:16 οἱ νῦν ἄνθρωποι; Just., D. 68, 8 ἡ νῦν ὁμιλία) ὁ νῦν αἰών the present age 1 Ti 6:17; 2 Ti 4:10; Tit 2:12. ὁ ν. καιρός (Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 239 D.) Ro 3:26; 8:18; 11:5; 2 Cor 8:14; 4:1. ἡ ν. Ἰερουσαλήμ the present Jerus. Gal 4:25. οἱ ν. οὐρανοί 2 Pt 3:7. ζωὴ ἡ ν. (opp. ἡ μέλλουσα) 1 Ti 4:8.

ב. subst. τὸ νῦν the present time (Aristot.) w. prep. (X. et al.; ins, pap LXX) ἀπὸ τοῦ ν. from now on, in the future (SIG 982, 22; BGU 153, 14; 193 II, 11; POxy 479, 6; cp. IXanthos 86 D, ln. 8; s. LRobert, Nouvelles Inscriptions di Sardes ’64, 28f [other exx. in Dssm., NB 81=BS 253]; Sir 11:23f; Tob 7:12; 1 Macc 10:41; 11:35; 15:8; ApcMos 28; Jos., Ant. 13, 50) Lk 1:48; 5:10; 12:52; 22:69; Ac 18:6; 2 Cor 5:16a; ἄχρι τοῦ ν. until now (s. ἄχρι 1aα.—μέχρι τοῦ ν.: Just., D. 78, 8; Diod S 1, 22, 2; SIG 742, 35; BGU 256, 9; 667, 8; 3 Macc 6:28; Jos., Ant. 3, 322) Ro 8:22; Phil 1:5. ἕως τοῦ ν. until now (SIG 705, 44f [112 B.C.]; PMich 173, 14 [III B.C.]; Gen 32:5; 46:34; 1 Macc 2:33) Mt 24:21; Mk 13:19.

ג. w. other particles: ἀλλὰ νῦν but now Lk 22:36; 2 Cor 5:16b. ἀλλὰ καὶ ν. (TestAbr A 16 p. 97, 5 [Stone p. 42]) J 11:22; ἄρα ν. so or thus now Ro 8:1. ν. γάρ for now 13:11. ν. δέ but now Lk 16:25; 19:42 (νῦν δέ in the reversal theme also Il. 19, 287–90; 22, 477–514 et al.); J 16:5; 17:13; Col 1:26; Hb 2:8. οὐδὲ ἔτι ν. not even now 1 Cor 3:2 (ἔτι ν.=even now: Plut., Mor. 162e; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 302 D.; Jos., Ant. 1, 92; 2, 313). καὶ ν. even now (cp. Just., A I, 26, 4; 63, 1, D. 7, 2; Dio Chrys. 13 [7], 121) J 11:22 v.l. (perh. assuredly, but see HRiesenfeld, Nuntius 6, ’52, 41–44); Phil 1:20; ἔτι καὶ ν. and even now Dg 2:3 (Ath. 17, 2; cp. Just., A I, 26, 5 καὶ νῦν ἔτι, A II, 6, 6 καὶ ἔτι νῦν); and now (TestLevi 19:1; JosAs 28:3) J 17:5; Ac 16:37; 23:21; 26:6; Phil 1:30; AcPl Ha 8, 21. ν. οὖν so now (Gen 27:8; 1 Macc 10:71) Ac 16:36; 23:15. καὶ ν. … ἤδη and now … already 1J 4:3. ν. μέν now, to be sure J 16:22. ποτὲ … ν. δέ once … but now (Mel., P. 43, 306) Ro 11:30; Eph 5:8; 1 Pt 2:10. πολλάκις … ν. δέ often … but now Phil 3:18. τότε (μὲν) … ν. δέ then to be sure … but now Gal 4:9; Hb 12:26. ὥσπερ τότε … οὕτως καὶ ν. just as then … so also now Gal 4:29.—ALaurentin, וְעַתָּה—καὶ νῦν. Formule, etc. (J 17:5): Biblica 45, ’64, 168–95; 413–32; HBronyers, … adverbiales וְעַתָּה im AT: VetusT 15, ’65, 289–99.

ⓑ of time shortly before or shortly after the immediate pres.: ν. ἠκούσατε Mt 26:65. ν. ἐζήτουν σε λιθάσαι they were just now trying to stone you J 11:8. Cp. 21:10; Ac 7:52.— (Soon) now (Epict. 3, 24, 94) ν. ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου Lk 2:29. Cp. J 12:31ab; 16:5; Phil 1:20.

② temporal marker with focus not so much on the present time as the situation pert. at a given moment, now, as it is

ⓐ without art. as things now stand (Gen 29:32; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 10, 22) νῦν ζῶμεν ἐάν as the situation now is, we live if 1 Th 3:8. So also νῦν δέ, καὶ νῦν, νῦν οὖν: νῦν οὖν τί πειράζετε τ. θεόν; since this is so, why are you tempting God? Ac 15:10; cp. 10:33 (νῦν οὖν: TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 3 [Stone p. 72]; TestJob 23:7; ApcMos 11:30; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 25, 3; Babrius 6, 9). καὶ ν. τί μέλλεις; 22:16 (cp. TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 18 [Stone p. 10] καὶ ν., κύριε τὶ ποιήσω;). Cp. 2J 5.—Somet. in impv. statements (oft. LXX; cp. JJeremias, ZNW 38, ’39, 119f; PsSol 2:32; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 5 [Stone p. 10]; TestSim 7:1; JosAs 6:8; GrBar 4:1; Tat. 21, 2 πείσθητέ μοι νῦν) καὶ ν. πέμψον now send Ac 10:5. Cp. 16:36; 23:15; 1J 2:28; GJs 9:2.—On ἄγε νῦν s. ἄγε.—Not infreq. νῦν δέ serves to contrast the real state of affairs with the statement made in an unreal conditional clause: εἰ ἔγνως … • νῦν δέ if you had known … ; but, as a matter of fact Lk 19:42. Cp. J 8:40; 9:41; 15:22, 24; 18:36; 1 Cor 12:18 v.l., 20; Hb 11:16.—1 Cor 5:11; 7:14; Js 4:16.

ⓑ with art.: neut. pl. τὰ ν. (also written τανῦν; cp. Tdf., Prol. p. 111) as far as the present situation is concerned = now (Trag., Pla. et al.; POxy 743, 30 [2 B.C.]; 811; PTebt 315, 25; Jdth 9:5; 1 Esdr 1:31; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 217) Ac 4:29; 17:30; 20:32; 27:22. καὶ τὰ νῦν λέγω ὑμῖν for now I tell you this 5:38. ἀλλὰ τὰ ν. Hs 5, 7, 4 (TestLevi 10:1 v.l.).—τὸ νῦν ἔχον for the present (Dio Chrys. 21 [38], 42; Tob 7:11 BA v.l.; cp. Tat. 15, 2; 41, 1 τὸ δὲ νῦν συνέχον) Ac 24:25 (B-D-F §160).—The ms. tradition oft. varies betw. ν. and νυνί.—PTachau, ‘Einst’ u. ‘Jetzt’ im NT, ’72; FDanker, Proclamation Commentaries: Luke², ’87, 47–57. B. 962f. DELG s.v. νυ. M-M. TW.

ὧδε (Hom.+) adv. of ὅδε, in our lit. adv. of place (Hippocr. [Kühner-G. I p. 444, 3] et al.; Hdt. 1, 49; 5, 48; Pla., Protagoras 328d; Herodas 7, 113; 126; ins, pap, LXX; pseudepigr.; Ar. 17, 1; Ath. 13, 1).

① a position or point that is relatively near, here

ⓐ in the sense to this place, hither (as early as Od. 1, 182; also PSI 599, 3 [III B.C.]; POxy 295, 3; LXX; En 14:24 al.; TestAbr A 16 p. 96, 16 [Stone p. 40]; 98, 8 [St. p. 44]; TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 4 [St. p. 70], B 11 p. 115, 17 [St. p. 78]; ParJer 7:4; ApcEsdr 5:10 p. 30, 3 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:4.—B-D-F §103) ἦλθες ὧδε Mt 8:29. Cp. 14:18; 17:17; 22:12; Mk 11:3; Lk 9:41; 14:21; 19:27; J 6:25; 20:27; Ac 9:21; Rv 4:1; 11:12; Hs 5, 1, 1; GJs 4:3. ἕως ὧδε to this place, this far (TestAbr A 18 p. 100, 16 [Stone p. 48]; Ar. 17, 1; cp. ἕως 3b) Lk 23:5; 1 Cl 20:7. ὧδε κἀκεῖ here and there, hither and thither Hm 5, 2, 7; Hs 9, 3, 1; cp. 6, 1, 6; 6, 2, 7.—Temporal sense: ὡς τοῦ σωτῆρος μέχρι ὧδε εἰρηκότος inasmuch as the Savior has spoken up to this point GMary 463, 4.

ⓑ in the sense in this place (Herodas 2, 98; 3, 96; SIG 985, 54; PHib 46, 15 [III B.C.]; PGrenf II, 36, 17 [95 B.C.]; BGU 1097, 11; 14; PFay 123, 10; LXX; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 7 [Stone p. 32]; ParJer 3:16; Apion in Jos., C. Ap. 2, 10; B-D-F §103; Rob. 299; BKeil, Her 43, 1908 p. 553, 1) Mt 12:6, 41f; 14:17; 16:28; 17:4ab; 20:6; 24:2; Mk 9:1, 5; 13:2; 16:6; Lk 9:33; 11:31f; 15:17; J 6:9; Ac 9:14; Hs 9, 11, 1b. ὧδε= here on earth Hb 13:14. τὰ μὲν ὧδε … τὰ δὲ ἐκεῖ AcPl Ha 2, 23. καθίζειν ὧδε (cp. καθίζω 3) Mk 14:32; Hv 3, 1, 8. τὰ ὧδε Col 4:9. ὧδε … ἐκεῖ here … there (Plut., Mor. 34a; Celsus 2, 43) Mk 13:21; Lk 17:21, 23; Js 2:3. ὧδε … ὧδε Mt 24:23 (Callim., Epigr. 282 Pf.; Herodas 4, 42 ὧδε καὶ ὧδε). Made more definite by a prepositional phrase ὧδε πρὸς ἡμᾶς Mk 6:3. Cp. 8:4; Lk 4:23.

② a ref. to a present event, object, or cicumstance, in this case, at this point, on this occasion, under these circumstances (Herodas 5, 85; Crates, Ep. 6; Quint. Smyrn. 13, 5; PFay 117, 12 [108 A.D.]; PMeyer 22, 6) ὧδε λοιπόν (cp. Epict. 2, 12, 24) in this case moreover 1 Cor 4:2. ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν (lit. there is wisdom [i.e. someth. deep] here) this calls for discernment Rv 13:18; cp. 17:9. ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπομονή this calls for endurance or here is (an opportunity for) endurance (s. ὑπομονή 1) 13:10; 14:12. ὧδε … ἐκεῖ in one case … in the other Hb 7:8. λάχετέ μοι ὧδε now, cast lots for me GJs 10:2.—DELG s.v. 2 ὥς. M-M.

πάρειμι [(A)] ( εἰμί

A sum), inf. - εῖναι, [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

παρέᾱσι Il.5.192

, Od.13.247 ; [dialect] Ion. subj.

παρέω Hdt.4.98

; [dialect] Ep. inf.

παρέμμεναι Od.4.640

, part.

παρεών Il.24.475

: [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

παρέην Od.3.267

(tm.); [ per.] 2sg. παρῆας v.l. in Od.4.497 (Sch., Lex.Mess.) ; [ per.] 3pl.

πάρεσαν Il. 11.75

; [dialect] Att. [tense] impf.

παρῆ A.Ch. 523

; in later Greek

παρήμην Luc.VH2.25

: [dialect] Ep. [tense] fut.

παρέσσομαι Od. 13.393

:— to be by or present,

ὑμεῖς θεαί ἐστε πάρεστέ τε ἴστε τε πάντα Il. 2.485

, etc.: in tmesi,

πὰρ δ' ἄρ' ἔην καὶ ἀοιδός Od. 3.267

; πάρα used for πάρεστι and πάρεισι, Il. 20.98, 23.479, etc.: freq. in part.,

ποίπνυον παρεόντε 24.475

; σημάντορος οὐ π. 15.325, etc. ;

ἀπεόντα νόῳ παρεόντα Parm. 2.1

, cf. Heraclit. 34.

2 to be by or near one, c. dat., Od.5.105;

μήλοισι 4.640

;

π. τινὶ παροινοῦντι Antipho 4.1.7

;

π. παρά τινι S.Ph. 1056

; π. τινί to be his guest, Ar.Av. 131.

3 to be present in or at,

μάχῃ Od.4.497

;

ἐν δαίτῃσι Il.10.217

; δόμοις π. E.Hipp. 805 ;

τοῖς πράγμασιν D.1.2

, etc.;

ἐν λόγῳ Ar.Ach. 513

;

ἐν ταῖς συνουσίαις Pl.Prt. 335b

;

ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀγῶσι D.24.159

.

4 to be present so as to help, stand by, τινι Il.18.472, Od.13.393, A.Pers. 235 ;

πλησίον παρῆσθα κινδύνων ἐμοί E.Or. 1159

, etc.; esp. of one accused,

οἱ νῦν παρόντες αὐτῷ καὶ συνδικοῦντες D.34.12

, cf. 24.159 : Medic., of nurses, assistants, etc., Hp.Aph.1.1, Herod. [voice] Med. ap. Orib. 10.37.11.

5 παρεῖναι εἰς .. to have arrived at,

ἐς κοῖτον Hdt.1.9

;

ἐς τὸν Ἰσθμὸν π. τινί Id.8.60

.

γ ; ἐς τὴν Λακεδαίμονα Th.6.88

;

εἰς τὴν ἐξέτασιν X.An.7.1.11

;

Ὀλυμπίαζε Th.3.8

: c. acc. loci,

πάρεισι.. Αἰτναῖον πάγον E. Cyc.95

, cf. 106, Ba.5 ;

π. τινὶ ἐπὶ δεῖπνον Hdt. 1.118

, cf. Ar.Av. 131 ;

π. ἐπὶ τὸ στράτευμα X.An.7.1.35

; π. πρὸς τὴν κρίσιν ib. 6.6.26 ;

πρός τινα Id.Cyr.2.4.21

; also

π. ἐνταυθοῖ Pl.Ap. 33d

; v. πάρειμι ([etym.] εἶμι) IV. 2.

6 π. ἐκ .. to have come from..,

ἐκ ταύτης [τῆς πόλιος] π. ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην Hdt.6.24

;

τοὐκ θεοῦ παρόν S. OC 1540

; Φίλιππος ἐκ Θρᾴκης π. Aeschin.2.101;

Θείβαθεν αὐληταὶ πάρα Ar.Ach. 862

.

II of things, to be by, i.e. ready or at hand,

τά τε δμώεσσι πάρεστι Od.14.80

, etc.;

πάρα ἔργα βόεσσιν Hes. Op. 454

;

οὐ γάρ οἱ πάρα νῆες Od.4.559

; εἴ μοι δύναμίς γε παρείη if power were at my command, 2.62 ;

ὅση δύναμίς γε πάρεστι 23.128

;

ὅ τι πάρεστι Men. 62

; τὰ παρεόντα what is ready,

χαριζομένη παρεόντων Od.1.140

;

ἡ τοῦ πλέονος ἐπιθυμίη τὸ παρεὸν ἀπόλλυσι Democr.224

, cf. 191; ἐκ τῶν παρεουσέων αὐγέων the best light available, Hp.Off.3;

ἐκ τῶν παρεόντων τὸ εὔπορον εὑρίσκειν Id.Art.78

; εἰ τὰ δεσμὰ μὴ παρείη ibid.; of feelings, conditions, etc.,

φόβος βαρβάροις παρῆν A.Pers. 391

;

θαῦμα παρῆν S.Ant. 254

;

ἐν τοῖς τότε παρεοῦσι.. κακοῖσι Hdt.8.20

, cf. A.Pr.26;

ὡς παρεσομένου σφι πολέμου Hdt.8.20

: in Philos., of qualities or predicates, παρείη γ' ἂν αὐταῖς (sc. θριξίν)

λευκότης Pl.Ly. 217d

, cf. Plot. 5.6.4; of Time,

ὁ παρὼν νῦν χρόνος S.El. 1293

, cf. Aeschin.1.93, Arist.Po. 1457a18;

ἡ νῦν π. ἡμέρα Pl.Lg. 683c

; ἡ ἱερὰ συμβουλὴ π. X.An.5.6.4; τὰ παρόντα ([dialect] Ion. παρεόντα) the present state of affairs, Hdt.1.113, etc.;

τὰ π. πρήγματα Id.6.100

; opp. τὰ γεγονότα, τὰ μέλλοντα, Pl.Tht. 186b : sg., τὸ παρόν ([dialect] Ion. παρεόν) , πρὸς τὸ π. βουλεύειν, τὸ π. θεραπεύειν, Hdt.1.20, S.Ph. 149 (lyr.);

πρὸς παρεόν Emp.106

: Adverbial phrases, τὸ παρόν just now,

τὸ π. εἴπομεν Pl.Lg. 693b

;

τὰ παρόντα S.El. 215

(lyr.): in Prose, ἐκ τῶν π. according to present circumstances, Th.5.40, etc.; ἐν τῷ π., opp. τὸ ἔπειτα, ib.63, etc.;

ἐν τῷ νῦν π. καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔπειτα Pl.Phd. 67c

; ἐν τῷ τότε π. Th.1.95;

πρὸς τὸ παρόν Isoc. 15.94

; ὡς πρὸς τὸ π. S.E.P.1.201;

πρὸς τὸ π. αὐτίκα Th.3.40

;

πρὸς τὴν π. ὄψιν Id.2.88

; ἐπὶ τοῦ π. for the present, IG9(2).517.6 (Epist. Philipp.), Epict.Ench. 2.2; ἐς and πρὸς τὰ π., Arr.An.1.13.5, 5.22.5.

III impers., πάρεστί μοι it depends on me, is in my power to do, c. inf.,

τοιαῦθ' ἑλέσθαι σοι πάρεστιν ἐξ ἐμοῦ A.Eu. 867

, cf. S.Ph. 364, etc.: also [tense] impf.

παρῆν Hdt.8.20

, 9.70 : without dat.,

παρῆν.. κλύειν A.Pers. 401

;

πάρεστι χαίρειν Ar.Pl. 638

;

ὁρᾶν πάρεστιν Democr.164

, cf. And.2.2, etc.

2 part. παρόν, [dialect] Ion. παρεόν, it being possible or easy, since it is allowed,

παρεὸν αὐτῷ βασιλέα γενέσθαι Hdt. 1.129

, cf. 6.72, S.Ph. 1098 (lyr.), Fr.564.3, Th.4.19.

-------------------------------------------

πάρειμι [(B)]( εἶμι

A ibo), inf. - ιέναι ([dialect] Dor. - ίμεν Berl.Sitzb.1927.170 ([place name] Cyrene)), used as [tense] fut. of παρέρχομαι, also in [tense] pres. sense, παρῄειν being used as [tense] impf. :—pass by, pass,

παριών Od.4.527

, 17.233;

οἰκτίρας.. παρίτω IG12.976

;

παρήϊε Hdt.4.79

;

οἱ ἀεὶ παριόντες Pl.R. 616a

, etc.; go alongside, Th.4.47 ; march along the coast, of an army, Id.8.16, 22,32, X.HG2.1.18 (cj.), 4.5.19.

2 c.acc. loci, pass by, Hdt.7.109 ;

τὸν χῶρον Id.1.167

;

τὴν οἰκίαν And.1.146

, Str. 14.5.14 ; π. παρὰ τοὺς πατέρας (prob. for παρῆσαν) Hdt.3.14 ; παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν Βαβυλῶνα π. X.Cyr.5.2.29.

II pass by, overtake, surpass, ib.1.4.5.

III pass on, esp. in the sense of entering,

π. ἐς τὰ βασιλήϊα Hdt. 3.84

, cf. 72,77, Pl.Phd. 59e; ἔσω π. E.Hel. 451 ;

πάριτ' ἐς θυμέλας, ἐπὶ δ' ἀσφάκτοις μήλοισι δόμων μὴ πάριτ' ἐς μυχόν Id. Ion 228

(anap.) ;

βίᾳ εἰς οἰκίαν παριέναι X.Cyr.1.2.2

.

2 in discourse, pass on from one part of a subject to another, ἐντεῦθεν ἐς .. Ar.Nu. 1075 ; ὃ παριὼν τῷ λόγῳ ἔτυχον εἰπών in passing, Pl.Lg. 776d.

IV come forward, X.An. 7.3.46 ;

πάριτ' ἐς τὸ πρόσθεν Ar.Ach.43

;

τὸ μάχιμον εἰς τὸν μέγιστον τῶν ἀγώνων τολμήσει παριέναι Pl.Lg. 830c

: metaph.,

ἐς πρώτους νεωστὶ παριών Hdt.7.143

.

2 come forward to speak, Pl.Alc. 1.106c ;

παρῄει οὐδείς D.18.170

;

παριὼν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα Aeschin.3.159

; παρῇσαν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα (cj. Dobree for παρῆσαν) D.1.8 ; παρῇμεν (cj. Cobet for παρῆμεν)

εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν Aeschin. 3.71

; at Athens, οἱ παριόντες orators, And.2.1, D.13.14, etc.;

πᾶσι τοῖς παριοῦσι λόγον διδόναι Id.2.31

.

V pass from man to man,

τὸ σύνθημα παρῄει X.An.6.5.25

.— Cf. παρέρχομαι.